Homework Week 2
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Homework Week 2
Problem 2.11.
A trader buys two July futures contracts on frozen orange juice. Each contract is for the delivery of 15,000 pounds. The current futures price is 120 cents per pound, the initial margin is $6,000
per contract, and the maintenance margin is $4,500 per contract. What price change would lead
to a margin call? Under what circumstances could $2,000 be withdrawn from the margin account?
Loss = 4,500 – 6,000 = -$1,500
-1,500 = (x-1.2) x 15,000
-0.1 = x – 1.2
x = $1.1
(1.1-1.2)/1.2 = -0.0833 = -8.33%
When the price per pound of frozen orange juice decreased for at least 8.33%, there will be a margin call.
2,000 = (x-1.2) x 15,000
0.133 = x – 1.2
x = $1.33
The price of frozen orange juice needs to increase above 133 cents per pound to withdraw $2,000
from the margin account. Problem 2.27
One orange juice future contract is on 15,000 pounds of frozen concentrate. Suppose that in
September 2016 a company sells a March 2018 orange juice futures contract for 120 cents per
pound. In December 2016, the futures price is 140 cents. In December 2017, the futures price is
110 cents. In February 2018, the futures price is 125 cents. The company has a December year
end. What is the company's profit or loss on the contract? How is it realized? What is the
accounting and tax treatment of the transaction is the company is classified as a) a hedger and
b) a speculator? (ignore the part of the question about accounting and tax treatment)
Total Loss = 15,000 x (1.20 – 1.25) = -$750 The company’s loss on the contract is $750. However, since the futures price they got is in February 2018, the loss is considered an unrealized loss. The company needs to get the March 2018 futures price and recalculate the profit or loss to get the realized gain or loss. Problem 2.28.
A company enters into a short futures contract to sell 5,000 bushels of wheat for 250 cents per
bushel. The initial margin is $3,000 and the maintenance margin is $2,000. What price change
would lead to a margin call? Under what circumstances could $1,500 be withdrawn from the
margin account?
Loss = 2,000 – 3,000 = -$1,000
-1,000 = (x-2.50) x 5,000
-0.2 = x-2.50
x = $2.30
(2.30 – 2.50) / 2.50 = -0.08 = -8%
There will be a margin call if the price of wheat dropped at least 8% per bushel. 1,500 = (x-2.50) x 5,000
0.30 = x – 2.50
x = $2.80
When the price of wheat increases above 280 cents per bushel, the company could withdraw $1,500 from the margin account.
Problem 3.2.
Explain what is meant by “basis risk” when futures contracts are used for hedging.
Basis risk arises when there is a difference between the spot price of the asset to be hedged and the future price of the contract at the contract’s expiration date. The basis risk is the price risk fo the assets. If both the spot price and future price are the same, the basis should be zero and there is no basis risk. Problem 3.8.
In the CME Group’s corn futures contract, the following delivery months are available: March,
May, July, September, and December. State the contract that should be used for hedging when
the expiration of the hedge is in
a) June - July
b) July - September
c) January - March
Problem 3.9.
Does a perfect hedge always succeed in locking in the current spot price of an asset for a future
transaction? Explain your answer.
A perfect hedge does not always succeed in locking in the current spot price of an asset for a future transaction. It just can reduce the uncertainty of the outcome. There are other factors, such
as transaction costs, can affect the outcome of hedging. Problem 3.23
Sixty futures contracts are used to hedge an exposure to the price of silver. Each futures
contract is on 5,000 ounces of silver. At the time the hedge is closed out, the basis is $0.20 per
ounce. What is the effect of the basis on the hedger’s financial position if (a) the trader is hedging the purchase of silver and (b) the trader is hedging the sale of silver?
A positive basis means that the spot price of silver is higher than the future price of silver at the contract’s expiration date. a.
The trader is hedging the purchase of silver
5,000 x 60 x 0.20 = 60,000 loss
The trader will have a $60,000 loss because the purchasing price is higher. b.
The trader is hedging the sale of silver 5,000 x 60 x 0.20 = 60,000 gain
The trader will have a $60,000 gain because the basis is positive.
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