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Finance
Date
Nov 24, 2024
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5
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Assignment
7
Ahmed Abdelhamed
University of the Cumberlands
Corp Fin: Fiscal Mngmnt GloCul (BADM-734-M40) - Full Term
Dr. Adu Bonna
October 14
th
, 2023
Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice
Abstract
This research paper aimed to delineate lacunae in the extant capital budgeting theory and
practice by collecting research papers published. During the last twenty years in multiple
databases. This research focused on capital budgeting, capital budgeting decision, capital
budgeting theory, capital budgeting practices, capital budgeting methods, capital budgeting
models, capital budgeting tools, capital budgeting techniques, capital budgeting process and
investment decision. It identified factors impinging on choice of capital budgeting practice.
Many researchers have studied capital budgeting during the last five decades, but due to
globalization, environmental changes and cutting edge advanced technological developments,
many of the theories and models developed in the past do not applicable today.(Kengatharan,
2016)
Problem Statement
Web of science search and iCat search were used to locate research papers published
during the last twenty years. The research papers were collected from Kingston University
library's access service. Firms operating in a dynamic environment must respond to changes by
investing large sums of money over a long period. Capital budgeting investment decisions are
critical to survival and long-term success for firms due to many factors, including uncertainty.
One of the most intractable issues confronted by researchers is how to identify, capture, and
evaluate uncertainties associated with long term projects. There are number of methods assist in
making capital budgeting decisions, but other uncertainty factors have deleterious penetration.
Nowadays, complex methods are used for making capital budgeting decisions rather purely
depending on theories of capital budgeting because of uncertainty and other contingency factors.
In a world of geo-political, social as well as economic uncertainty, strategic financial
management is a process of change. This research assumes that capital budgeting practices are
different across firms/ nations and that the ways of looking at capital budgeting practices are not
the same all the time. Therefore, the ontological assumption is of constructionism.
Significance & Purpose of the study
During the past twenty years, 202 research papers appeared in peer reviewed indexed
journals in capital budgeting. The majority of the papers appeared in Engineering Economist (N=
32), followed by Managerial Finance (27), Public Budgeting & Finance (16), Financial
Management(9), Journal of Banking and Finance (8), Journal of Business Finance & Accounting
(6), Accounting Education(5), Management Accounting Research(5), The Journal of
Finance(5).Capital budgeting is the process of deciding investment projects which create in
maximization of shareholder value. It is generally prepared a year in advance and extendable to
five, ten or even fifteen years in future. The most prevalent capital budgeting techniques in the
public finance literature include payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value,
internal rate of return, benefit -cost ratio, and profitability index. The PB model is criticized for
failing to make accurate assessments of project value, as it does not consider use of cash flows,
time value of money, risk in a systematic manner, and further it does not identify investment
projects that will maximize profits. The NPV model measures the difference between present
value of the money in and present value of the money out and determines whether or not a
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capital investment is acceptable. The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis method is used to
assess capital budgeting, and the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR)
methods are considered to be non-DCF methods. The PI model is used to overcome the time
value of money and the size of the investment. Graham and Harvey (2001) reported that twelve
capital budgeting methods were in practice, but all of them were not in usable at all situations.
Discounted payback and Value-at-risk were relatively new methods, and APV additionally
covered the value of financial side-effects of an investment to NPV. Real option theory is closely
related to corporate capital investment decision -making and has been introduced as an
alternative approach for investment appraisal under uncertainty. It involves the use of investment
evaluation tools and processes that properly account for both uncertainty and the company's
ability to react to new information. Many researchers have argued that real options analysis has
an advantage over NPV, since NPV is not able to capture the value of managerial flexibility.
Although this method has not been applied on a large scale in practice, it is mostly applicable in
specific industries or situations.
Research Method
Web of science search and iCat search were used to locate research papers published
during the last twenty years. The research papers were collected from Kingston University
library's access service. Methodology covers research philosophy, research approach, research
strategy, methods of data collection and data analysis.
Critical analysis
Many research scholars criticized that many researches on capital budgeting were opt-
testing the methods of capital budgeting and its practices. This research was well thought out in
its design and become springboard for future research.
References
Kengatharan, L. (2016). Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice: A Review and Agenda for Future
Research.
Applied Economics and Finance
,
3
(2), 15–38.
Related Questions
The City of Minden entered into the following transactions during the year 2026.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A bond issue was authorized by vote to provide funds for the construction of a new municipal building, which it was estimated
would cost $1,080,000. The bonds are to be paid in 10 equal installments from a Debt Service Fund, and payments are due
March 1 of each year. Any premium on the bond issue, as well as any balance of the Capital Projects Fund, is to be transferred
directly to the Debt Service Fund.
An advance of $74,000 was received from the General Fund to underwrite a deposit on the land contract of $111,000. The
deposit was made.
Bonds of $992,000 were sold for cash at 102. It was decided not to sell all the bonds because the cost of the land was less
than expected.
Contracts amounting to $884,000 were let to Sunny and Company, the low bidder, for construction of the municipal building.
The temporary advance from the General Fund was repaid and the balance on the land…
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The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund.
Debits
Credits
Accounts payable
$ 108,000
Accounts receivable
$ 27,400
Accrued interest payable
30,600
Accumulated depreciation
49,000
Administrative and selling expenses
51,000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
13,000
Capital assets
714,000
Cash
96,800
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561,000
Cost of sales and services
500,000
Depreciation expense
49,000
Due from General Fund
17,300
Interest expense
40,500
Interest revenue
5,300
Transfer in from General Fund
117,600
Bank note payable
630,400
Supplies inventory
18,900
Totals
$ 1,514,900
$ 1,514,900
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The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund.
Debits
Credits
Accounts payable
$ 108,000
Accounts receivable
$ 27,400
Accrued interest payable
30,600
Accumulated depreciation
49,000
Administrative and selling expenses
51,000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
13,000
Capital assets
714,000
Cash
96,800
Charges for sales and services
561,000
Cost of sales and services
500,000
Depreciation expense
49,000
Due from General Fund
17,300
Interest expense
40,500
Interest revenue
5,300
Transfer in from General Fund
117,600
Bank note payable
630,400
Supplies inventory
18,900
Totals
$ 1,514,900
$ 1,514,900
Required:
Prepare the reconciliation of operating income to net cash provided by operating activities that would appear at the…
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The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund.
Debits
Credits
Accounts payable
$ 108,000
Accounts receivable
$ 27,400
Accrued interest payable
30,600
Accumulated depreciation
49,000
Administrative and selling expenses
51,000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
13,000
Capital assets
714,000
Cash
96,800
Charges for sales and services
561,000
Cost of sales and services
500,000
Depreciation expense
49,000
Due from General Fund
17,300
Interest expense
40,500
Interest revenue
5,300
Transfer in from General Fund
117,600
Bank note payable
630,400
Supplies inventory
18,900
Totals
$ 1,514,900
$ 1,514,900
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Prepare the closing entries for December 31.
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Year Edinburgh(inflows) Cumulative Inflows Newcastle(inflows) Cumulative Inflows
1 3,780 3,780 3,500 3,500
2 4,150 7,930 3,850 7,350
3 4,550 12,480 4,200 11,550
4 5,120 17,600 5,150 16,700
5 4,900 22,500 4,950 21,650
Initial Investments of Edinburgh :
8 700+4 100=12 800
Initial Investments of Newcastle Upon Tyne:
7 950+3…
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Government Grants (PAS 20)
Problem 1. On January 1, 2015, SMDC Inc. was granted a non-interest bearing loan from Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas with a face value of P1,000,000, term of 3 years and implicit rate of 10%. SMDC received the face value of the loan on the condition that the company will continuously operate for the 3-year term of the loan.
Required: Based on the result of your audit, determine the following:
__________1. Realized income from government grant for the year ended December 31, 2015
__________2. Book value of deferred income from government grant as of December 31, 2015
Problem 2. On January 1, 2021, ALI Inc. received P2,000,000 from national government on the condition that the company will construct an environmentally-friendly building with a cost of P13,000,000 and useful life of 10 years and residual value of P1,000,000. On January 1, 2023, the government grant became repayable as a result of ALI Inc.’s failure to comply with the environmentally-friendly…
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Review problem affecting reporting on General Fund
As the recently appointed chief accountant of the City of York, you asked the bookkeeper for a trialbalance of the General Fund as of December 31, 2022. York uses only a General Fund to recordall its transactions. This is what you received:
City of York General Fund Trial Balance December 31, 2022
Debits
Credits
Cash
$20,800
Short-term investments
180,000
Accounts receivable
11,500
Taxes receivable—current
30,000
Tax anticipation notes payable
$58,000
Appropriations
927,000
Expenditures
795,200
Estimated revenues
927,000
Revenues
750,000
General city property
98,500
General obligation bonds payable
52,000
Unassigned fund balance
380,000
$2,115,000
$2,115,000
After reviewing the trial balance, you realize that the inexperienced bookkeeper made errors onsome transactions and merely guessed at the correct accounting treatment of other transactions.This is what you found…
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The following transactions and events pertain to Bean County’s General Fundfor the calendar year 2022:1. The entity receives invoices in early January 2023 for $25,000 for professional servicesobtained in 2022, and $32,000 for December 2022 utility services.2. The entity borrows $500,000 on August 1, 2022, in anticipation of thecollection of property taxes. The borrowed amount is due to be repaid onJanuary 31, 2023, with interest at the rate of 1.5 percent per annum.3. The entity invests $300,000 cash in a CD on November 1, 2022, at an interest rateof 1 percent per annum. The CD will mature on January 31, 2023.4. In September 2022, the entity receives and accepts supplies that had beenordered in August. The amount that had been encumbered was $40,000,but the amount of the approved invoice was $42,000.Prepare journal entries for the transactions and events listed above.Enter 0 or leave the field blank if no entry is required for calendar…
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FIN401 - Ch.12 Problems
Problem 12-9: Garlington Tech
S24 Variant
Balance Sheet
Cash
Receivables
Inventory
Total Current Assets
Net Fixed Assets
Total Assets
Accounts Payable
Line of Credit
Accruals
Total Current Liabilities
Long-term Bonds
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Liabilities & Equity
AFN (external)
Cumulative AFN
Income Statement
Final
Projection
12/31/2019
12/31/2020
160,000.00
184,000
360,000.00
387,000
720,000.00
828,000
1,240,000.00
1,399,000
4,000,000.00 4,600,000
5,240,000.00 5,999,000
360,000.00
414,000
148,954.27
200,000.00
230,000
560,000.00
792,954
1,000,000.00
1,000,000
1,100,000.00 1,248,954
2,580,000.00 2,957,091
5,240,000.00 5,999,000
0.00
297,908.55
Final
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12/31/2019 12/31/2020
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Operating Costs
4,000,000.00 4,600,000.00
3,200,000.00 3,680,000.00
EBIT
Interest
EBT
800,000.00 920,000.00
120,000.00 137,874.51
680,000.00 782,125.49
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Net present value
Des Moines Cedar Rapids
$192,610
$214,080
(187,000)
$5,610
(223,000)
$(8,920)
a. Determine the present value index for each proposal. Round your answers for the present value index to two decimal places.
Total present value of net cash flow
Amount to be invested
Des Moines
Cedar Rapids
Present value index
b. Which location does your analysis support? (If both present value indexes are the same, either location will grade as correct.)
, because the net present value index is
1.
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Part 1
(IRR
calculation)
Determine the IRR on the following projects:
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b. An initial outlay of $13,000 resulting in a single free cash flow of $46,394 after 15 years
c. An initial outlay of $13,000 resulting in a single free cash flow of $105,001after 25 years
d. An initial outlay of $13,000 resulting in a single free cash flow of $13,653 after 4 years
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