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Assignment
7
Ahmed Abdelhamed
University of the Cumberlands
Corp Fin: Fiscal Mngmnt GloCul (BADM-734-M40) - Full Term
Dr. Adu Bonna
October 14
th
, 2023
Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice
Abstract
This research paper aimed to delineate lacunae in the extant capital budgeting theory and
practice by collecting research papers published. During the last twenty years in multiple
databases. This research focused on capital budgeting, capital budgeting decision, capital
budgeting theory, capital budgeting practices, capital budgeting methods, capital budgeting
models, capital budgeting tools, capital budgeting techniques, capital budgeting process and
investment decision. It identified factors impinging on choice of capital budgeting practice.
Many researchers have studied capital budgeting during the last five decades, but due to
globalization, environmental changes and cutting edge advanced technological developments,
many of the theories and models developed in the past do not applicable today.(Kengatharan,
2016)
Problem Statement
Web of science search and iCat search were used to locate research papers published
during the last twenty years. The research papers were collected from Kingston University
library's access service. Firms operating in a dynamic environment must respond to changes by
investing large sums of money over a long period. Capital budgeting investment decisions are
critical to survival and long-term success for firms due to many factors, including uncertainty.
One of the most intractable issues confronted by researchers is how to identify, capture, and
evaluate uncertainties associated with long term projects. There are number of methods assist in
making capital budgeting decisions, but other uncertainty factors have deleterious penetration.
Nowadays, complex methods are used for making capital budgeting decisions rather purely
depending on theories of capital budgeting because of uncertainty and other contingency factors.
In a world of geo-political, social as well as economic uncertainty, strategic financial
management is a process of change. This research assumes that capital budgeting practices are
different across firms/ nations and that the ways of looking at capital budgeting practices are not
the same all the time. Therefore, the ontological assumption is of constructionism.
Significance & Purpose of the study
During the past twenty years, 202 research papers appeared in peer reviewed indexed
journals in capital budgeting. The majority of the papers appeared in Engineering Economist (N=
32), followed by Managerial Finance (27), Public Budgeting & Finance (16), Financial
Management(9), Journal of Banking and Finance (8), Journal of Business Finance & Accounting
(6), Accounting Education(5), Management Accounting Research(5), The Journal of
Finance(5).Capital budgeting is the process of deciding investment projects which create in
maximization of shareholder value. It is generally prepared a year in advance and extendable to
five, ten or even fifteen years in future. The most prevalent capital budgeting techniques in the
public finance literature include payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value,
internal rate of return, benefit -cost ratio, and profitability index. The PB model is criticized for
failing to make accurate assessments of project value, as it does not consider use of cash flows,
time value of money, risk in a systematic manner, and further it does not identify investment
projects that will maximize profits. The NPV model measures the difference between present
value of the money in and present value of the money out and determines whether or not a
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capital investment is acceptable. The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis method is used to
assess capital budgeting, and the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR)
methods are considered to be non-DCF methods. The PI model is used to overcome the time
value of money and the size of the investment. Graham and Harvey (2001) reported that twelve
capital budgeting methods were in practice, but all of them were not in usable at all situations.
Discounted payback and Value-at-risk were relatively new methods, and APV additionally
covered the value of financial side-effects of an investment to NPV. Real option theory is closely
related to corporate capital investment decision -making and has been introduced as an
alternative approach for investment appraisal under uncertainty. It involves the use of investment
evaluation tools and processes that properly account for both uncertainty and the company's
ability to react to new information. Many researchers have argued that real options analysis has
an advantage over NPV, since NPV is not able to capture the value of managerial flexibility.
Although this method has not been applied on a large scale in practice, it is mostly applicable in
specific industries or situations.
Research Method
Web of science search and iCat search were used to locate research papers published
during the last twenty years. The research papers were collected from Kingston University
library's access service. Methodology covers research philosophy, research approach, research
strategy, methods of data collection and data analysis.
Critical analysis
Many research scholars criticized that many researches on capital budgeting were opt-
testing the methods of capital budgeting and its practices. This research was well thought out in
its design and become springboard for future research.
References
Kengatharan, L. (2016). Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice: A Review and Agenda for Future
Research.
Applied Economics and Finance
,
3
(2), 15–38.
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tps://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?deploymentid=5933142288413647560152243&eISBN=97813379
CENGAGE | MINDTAP
11: Assignment - The Basics of Capital Budgeting
Blue Llama Mining Company is evaluating a proposed capital budgeting project (project Sigma) that will require an initial investment of
$800,000.
Blue Llama Mining Company has been basing capital budgeting decisions on a project's NPV; however, its new CFO wants to start using
the IRR method for capital budgeting decisions. The CFO says that the IRR is a better method because returns in percentage form are
easier to understand and compare to required returns. Blue Llama Mining Company's WACC is 8%, and project Sigma has the same risk
as the firm's average project.
The project is expected to generate the following net cash flows:
Year
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Cash Flow
$350,000
$475,000
$425,000
$500,000
Which of the following is the correct calculation of project Sigma's IRR?
34.38%
38.20%
42.02%
O 36.29%
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Hello,
I'm looking for a break down on how to solve this problem, thank you
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Help please
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Subject: accounting
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sent value index
Tasty Doughnuts has computed the net present value for capital expenditure at two locations. Relevant data related to the computation are as follows:
Total present value of net cash flow
Amount to be invested
Net present value
Des Moines Cedar Rapids
$192,610
$214,080
(187,000)
$5,610
(223,000)
$(8,920)
a. Determine the present value index for each proposal. Round your answers for the present value index to two decimal places.
Total present value of net cash flow
Amount to be invested
Des Moines
Cedar Rapids
Present value index
b. Which location does your analysis support? (If both present value indexes are the same, either location will grade as correct.)
, because the net present value index is
1.
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Question content area top
Part 1
(IRR
calculation)
Determine the IRR on the following projects:
a. An initial outlay of $13,000 resulting in a single free cash flow of $17,165 after 9 years
b. An initial outlay of $13,000 resulting in a single free cash flow of $46,394 after 15 years
c. An initial outlay of $13,000 resulting in a single free cash flow of $105,001after 25 years
d. An initial outlay of $13,000 resulting in a single free cash flow of $13,653 after 4 years
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Information on four investment proposals is given below:Investment ProposalA B C DInvestment required ........................ $(90,000) $(100,000) $(70,000) $(120,000)Present value of cash inflows ......... 126,000 138,000 105,000 160,000Net present value ............................ $ 36,000 $ 38,000 $ 35,000 $ 40,000Life of the project ............................ 5 years 7 years 6 years 6 yearsRequired:1. Compute the project profitability index for each investment proposal.2. Rank the proposals in terms of preference.
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Present value index
Tasty Doughnuts has computed the net present value for
capital expenditure at two locations. Relevant data
related to the computation are as follows:
Des Moines Cedar Rapids
$277,680
(267,000)
$10,680
Total present value of net cash flow
Amount to be invested
Net present value
a. Determine the present value index for each proposal.
Round your answers for the present value index to
two decimal places.
Total present value of net cash flow
Amount to be invested
Present value index
$302,100
(318,000)
$(15,900)
I
Des Moines
b. Which location does your analysis support? (If both
present value indexes are the same, either location will
grade as correct.)
1.
Cedar Rapids
because the net present value index is
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Video
Excel Online Structured Activity: Capital budgeting criteria
A company has a 13% WACC and is considering two mutually exclusive investments (that cannot be repeated) with the following cash flows:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+
Project A
-$300 -$387
Project B -$405 $133
-$193 -$100
$133 $133
$600
$133
$600
$133
$850
-$180
$133
$0
The data has been collected in the Microsoft Excel Online file below. Open the spreadsheet and perform the required analysis to answer the questions below.
X
Open spreadsheet
a. What is each project's NPV? Round your answer to the nearest cent. Do not round your intermediate calculations.
Project A: $
162.48
Project B: $
b. What is each project's IRR? Round your answer to two decimal places.
Project A:
18.10
%
Project B:
%
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7. Consider the following table for the cash flows of an investment account:
Time
mm/dd/yy
01/01/2015
04/01/2015
08/01/2015
12/31/2015
Contribution
-300
+2,000
(a) Calculate the TWRR and the DWRR of the fund.
(b) Comment on the results.
Fund value
before contribution
1,000
500
250
2,800
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question 20
choose the correct answer from the choices
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TB 13-47 (Appendix 13A) The following data pertain to an investment
(Appendix 13A) The following data pertain to an investment proposal:
Present Investment Required
$27,130
Annual Cost Savings
$5,000
Projected life the investment
10 years
Projected Salvage Value
$-0-
What would be the internal rate of return? (Ignore income taxes in this problem.)
Multiple Choice
5.426%.
13.0%.
54.26%.
О
542.6%.
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First United Bank Inc. is evaluating three capital investment projects using the net present value method. Relevant data related to the projects are summarized as follows:
BranchOfficeExpansion
ComputerSystemUpgrade
ATMKioskExpansion
Amount to be invested
$686,053
$516,654
$295,458
Annual net cash flows:
Year 1
411,000
288,000
177,000
Year 2
382,000
259,000
122,000
Year 3
349,000
230,000
89,000
Present Value of $1 at Compound Interest
Year
6%
10%
12%
15%
20%
1
0.943
0.909
0.893
0.870
0.833
2
0.890
0.826
0.797
0.756
0.694
3
0.840
0.751
0.712
0.658
0.579
4
0.792
0.683
0.636
0.572
0.482
5
0.747
0.621
0.567
0.497
0.402
6
0.705
0.564
0.507
0.432
0.335
7
0.665
0.513
0.452
0.376
0.279
8
0.627
0.467
0.404
0.327
0.233
9
0.592
0.424
0.361
0.284
0.194
10
0.558
0.386
0.322
0.247
0.162
Required:
1. Assuming that the desired rate of return is 20%, prepare a net present value analysis for each project. Use the…
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Q. 1
purchase of equipment in the coming year. The capital budget is limited to $5,000,000 for the
year. Lori Alleyne, staff analyst at McGloire's, is preparing an analysis of the three projects
under consideration by Joyanne McGloire, the company's owner.
McGloire Construction is analyzing its capital expenditure proposals for the
A
в
D
Project A
Project B
Project C
1
Projected cash outflow
Net initial investment
2
3
$3 000 000
$1 500 000
$4 000 000
4
5 Projected cash inflows
Year 1
$1 000 000
1 000 000
1 000 000
1 000 000
$ 400 000
$2 000 000
7
Year 2
900 000
2 000 000
8
Year 3
800 000
200 000
Year 4
100 000
10
11 Required rate of return
10%
10%
10%
1. Because the company's cash is limited, McGloire thinks the payback method
should be used to choose between the capital budgeting projects.
a. List two benefits and two limitations of using the payback method to choose
between projects?
b. Calculate the payback period for each of the three project
Ignore income taxes. Using the payback…
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W
Screenshot (126).png
Chapter 26
Present Value of an Annuity of $1 at Compound Interest
Year
6%
10%
12%
15%
20%
1
2
3
4
1 64°F
Internal rate of return method
The internal rate of return method is used by Royston Construction Co. in analyzing a capital expenditure proposal that involves an investment of $17,946 and annual net cash flows of $6,000 for
each of the 5 years of its useful life.
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.943
65°F
Windy
eBook
0.909
1.736
2.487
3.170
3.791
4.355
0.893
1.690
2.402
3.037
3.605
4.111 3.785
4.868 4.564 4.160
4.968
4.487
4.772
5.019
5.328
5.650
1.833
2.673
3.465
4.212
4.917
5.582
5.335
6.210
6.802
5.759
6.145
7.360
a. Determine a present value factor for an annuity of $1, which can be used in determining the internal rate of return. If required, round your answer to three decimal places.
0.870
1.626
2.283
2.855
▬
▬▬
■
3.353
0.833
1.528
2.106
Q Search
2
2.589
b. Using the factor determined in part (a) and the present value of an annuity of $1 table above, determine the…
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mni.787
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Please help with formulas:
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kar
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On August 1, 2024, Reliable Software began developing a software program to allow individuals to customize their investment
portfolios. Technological feasibility was established on January 31, 2025, and the program was available for release on March 31,
2025. Development costs were incurred as follows:
August 1 through December 31, 2024
January 1 through January 31, 2025
February 1 through March 31, 2025
$ 6,300,000
1,200,000
1,600,000
Reliable expects a service life of five years for the software and total revenues of $8,000,000 during that time. During 2025, revenue
of $2,000,000 was recognized.
Required:
1. Prepare the journal entries to record the development costs in 2024 and 2025.
2. Calculate the required amortization for 2025.
Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.
Required 1 Required 2
Prepare the journal entries to record the development costs in 2024 and 2025.
Note: If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry…
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Net Present Value Method, Present Value Index, and Analysis
First United Bank Inc. is evaluating three capital investment projects using the net present value method. Relevant data related to the projects are summarized as follows:
BranchOfficeExpansion
ComputerSystemUpgrade
ATMKioskExpansion
Amount to be invested
$787,317
$584,976
$298,035
Annual net cash flows:
Year 1
391,000
278,000
164,000
Year 2
364,000
250,000
113,000
Year 3
332,000
222,000
82,000
Present Value of $1 at Compound Interest
Year
6%
10%
12%
15%
20%
1
0.943
0.909
0.893
0.870
0.833
2
0.890
0.826
0.797
0.756
0.694
3
0.840
0.751
0.712
0.658
0.579
4
0.792
0.683
0.636
0.572
0.482
5
0.747
0.621
0.567
0.497
0.402
6
0.705
0.564
0.507
0.432
0.335
7
0.665
0.513
0.452
0.376
0.279
8
0.627
0.467
0.404
0.327
0.233
9
0.592
0.424
0.361
0.284
0.194
10
0.558
0.386
0.322
0.247
0.162
Required:
1. Assuming that the desired rate of return is 10%,…
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Please help with highlighted rows 1-3. Thank you.
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Required information
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
The following capital expenditure projects have been proposed for management's consideration at Scott Inc. for the
upcoming budget year: Use Table 6-4 and Table 6-5. (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided. Round the PV
factors to 4 decimals.)
Project
Year(s)
B
D
$ (25,000)
$(50,000)
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
16,000
$ (50,000)
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Initial investment
$(25,000)
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
$ 1,081
$(100,000)
30,000
30,000
Amount of net cash return
1
2
3.
10,000
10,000
10,000
6,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
2,942
4
5
Per year
6-10
NPV (14% discount rate)
2$
$
Present value ratio
1.04
Required:
a. Calculate the net present value of projects
indicated by a minus sign.)
and D, using
as the cost of capital for Scott Inc. (Negative amounts should be
Project
Net Present
Value
B
D
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Internal rate of return method
The internal rate of return method is used by Testerman Construction Co. in analyzing a capital expenditure proposal that involves an investment of $174,160 and annual net cash flows of $40,000 for each of the six years of its useful life.
This information has been collected in the Microsoft Excel Online file. Open the spreadsheet, perform the required analysis, and input your answers in the question below.
Determine the internal rate of return for the proposal.
fill in the blank 2 %
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Finance
ISBN:9780077861759
Author:Stephen A. Ross Franco Modigliani Professor of Financial Economics Professor, Randolph W Westerfield Robert R. Dockson Deans Chair in Bus. Admin., Jeffrey Jaffe, Bradford D Jordan Professor
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education