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Assignment
7
Ahmed Abdelhamed
University of the Cumberlands
Corp Fin: Fiscal Mngmnt GloCul (BADM-734-M40) - Full Term
Dr. Adu Bonna
October 14
th
, 2023
Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice
Abstract
This research paper aimed to delineate lacunae in the extant capital budgeting theory and
practice by collecting research papers published. During the last twenty years in multiple
databases. This research focused on capital budgeting, capital budgeting decision, capital
budgeting theory, capital budgeting practices, capital budgeting methods, capital budgeting
models, capital budgeting tools, capital budgeting techniques, capital budgeting process and
investment decision. It identified factors impinging on choice of capital budgeting practice.
Many researchers have studied capital budgeting during the last five decades, but due to
globalization, environmental changes and cutting edge advanced technological developments,
many of the theories and models developed in the past do not applicable today.(Kengatharan,
2016)
Problem Statement
Web of science search and iCat search were used to locate research papers published
during the last twenty years. The research papers were collected from Kingston University
library's access service. Firms operating in a dynamic environment must respond to changes by
investing large sums of money over a long period. Capital budgeting investment decisions are
critical to survival and long-term success for firms due to many factors, including uncertainty.
One of the most intractable issues confronted by researchers is how to identify, capture, and
evaluate uncertainties associated with long term projects. There are number of methods assist in
making capital budgeting decisions, but other uncertainty factors have deleterious penetration.
Nowadays, complex methods are used for making capital budgeting decisions rather purely
depending on theories of capital budgeting because of uncertainty and other contingency factors.
In a world of geo-political, social as well as economic uncertainty, strategic financial
management is a process of change. This research assumes that capital budgeting practices are
different across firms/ nations and that the ways of looking at capital budgeting practices are not
the same all the time. Therefore, the ontological assumption is of constructionism.
Significance & Purpose of the study
During the past twenty years, 202 research papers appeared in peer reviewed indexed
journals in capital budgeting. The majority of the papers appeared in Engineering Economist (N=
32), followed by Managerial Finance (27), Public Budgeting & Finance (16), Financial
Management(9), Journal of Banking and Finance (8), Journal of Business Finance & Accounting
(6), Accounting Education(5), Management Accounting Research(5), The Journal of
Finance(5).Capital budgeting is the process of deciding investment projects which create in
maximization of shareholder value. It is generally prepared a year in advance and extendable to
five, ten or even fifteen years in future. The most prevalent capital budgeting techniques in the
public finance literature include payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value,
internal rate of return, benefit -cost ratio, and profitability index. The PB model is criticized for
failing to make accurate assessments of project value, as it does not consider use of cash flows,
time value of money, risk in a systematic manner, and further it does not identify investment
projects that will maximize profits. The NPV model measures the difference between present
value of the money in and present value of the money out and determines whether or not a
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capital investment is acceptable. The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis method is used to
assess capital budgeting, and the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR)
methods are considered to be non-DCF methods. The PI model is used to overcome the time
value of money and the size of the investment. Graham and Harvey (2001) reported that twelve
capital budgeting methods were in practice, but all of them were not in usable at all situations.
Discounted payback and Value-at-risk were relatively new methods, and APV additionally
covered the value of financial side-effects of an investment to NPV. Real option theory is closely
related to corporate capital investment decision -making and has been introduced as an
alternative approach for investment appraisal under uncertainty. It involves the use of investment
evaluation tools and processes that properly account for both uncertainty and the company's
ability to react to new information. Many researchers have argued that real options analysis has
an advantage over NPV, since NPV is not able to capture the value of managerial flexibility.
Although this method has not been applied on a large scale in practice, it is mostly applicable in
specific industries or situations.
Research Method
Web of science search and iCat search were used to locate research papers published
during the last twenty years. The research papers were collected from Kingston University
library's access service. Methodology covers research philosophy, research approach, research
strategy, methods of data collection and data analysis.
Critical analysis
Many research scholars criticized that many researches on capital budgeting were opt-
testing the methods of capital budgeting and its practices. This research was well thought out in
its design and become springboard for future research.
References
Kengatharan, L. (2016). Capital Budgeting Theory and Practice: A Review and Agenda for Future
Research.
Applied Economics and Finance
,
3
(2), 15–38.
Related Documents
Related Questions
Question #1
Describe capital budgeting decisions and use the net present value (NPV) method of making
such decisions.
Respond
No one has responded to this topic. To be the first respondent, click the Respond link below the topic.
4:14 PM
ENG
4/17/2021
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The City of Minden entered into the following transactions during the year 2026.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A bond issue was authorized by vote to provide funds for the construction of a new municipal building, which it was estimated
would cost $1,080,000. The bonds are to be paid in 10 equal installments from a Debt Service Fund, and payments are due
March 1 of each year. Any premium on the bond issue, as well as any balance of the Capital Projects Fund, is to be transferred
directly to the Debt Service Fund.
An advance of $74,000 was received from the General Fund to underwrite a deposit on the land contract of $111,000. The
deposit was made.
Bonds of $992,000 were sold for cash at 102. It was decided not to sell all the bonds because the cost of the land was less
than expected.
Contracts amounting to $884,000 were let to Sunny and Company, the low bidder, for construction of the municipal building.
The temporary advance from the General Fund was repaid and the balance on the land…
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3
The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund.
Debits
Credits
Accounts payable
$ 108,000
Accounts receivable
$ 27,400
Accrued interest payable
30,600
Accumulated depreciation
49,000
Administrative and selling expenses
51,000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
13,000
Capital assets
714,000
Cash
96,800
Charges for sales and services
561,000
Cost of sales and services
500,000
Depreciation expense
49,000
Due from General Fund
17,300
Interest expense
40,500
Interest revenue
5,300
Transfer in from General Fund
117,600
Bank note payable
630,400
Supplies inventory
18,900
Totals
$ 1,514,900
$ 1,514,900
Required:
Prepare the reconciliation of operating income to net cash provided by operating activities that would appear at…
arrow_forward
3
The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund.
Debits
Credits
Accounts payable
$ 108,000
Accounts receivable
$ 27,400
Accrued interest payable
30,600
Accumulated depreciation
49,000
Administrative and selling expenses
51,000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
13,000
Capital assets
714,000
Cash
96,800
Charges for sales and services
561,000
Cost of sales and services
500,000
Depreciation expense
49,000
Due from General Fund
17,300
Interest expense
40,500
Interest revenue
5,300
Transfer in from General Fund
117,600
Bank note payable
630,400
Supplies inventory
18,900
Totals
$ 1,514,900
$ 1,514,900
Required:
Prepare the reconciliation of operating income to net cash provided by operating activities that would appear at the…
arrow_forward
Foc
arrow_forward
2
The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund.
Debits
Credits
Accounts payable
$ 108,000
Accounts receivable
$ 27,400
Accrued interest payable
30,600
Accumulated depreciation
49,000
Administrative and selling expenses
51,000
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
13,000
Capital assets
714,000
Cash
96,800
Charges for sales and services
561,000
Cost of sales and services
500,000
Depreciation expense
49,000
Due from General Fund
17,300
Interest expense
40,500
Interest revenue
5,300
Transfer in from General Fund
117,600
Bank note payable
630,400
Supplies inventory
18,900
Totals
$ 1,514,900
$ 1,514,900
Required:
Prepare the closing entries for December 31.
Prepare the Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund…
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Required information
Exercise 6-4 and Exercise 6-5 (Algo)
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2020, the last day of
its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund.
Accounts payable
Accounts receivable
Accrued interest payable
Accumulated depreciation
Administrative and selling expenses
Allowance for uncollectible accounts
Capital assets
Cash
Charges for sales and services
Cost of sales and services
Depreciation expense
Due from General Fund
Interest expense
Interest revenue
Transfer in from General Fund
Bank note payable
Supplies inventory
Totals
Exercise 6-4 (Algo)
$
Debits
31,900
55,500
732,000
99,500
509,000
53,500
18, 200
41,400
Credits
$ 117,000
35,100
53,500
13,900
579,000
6,200
128,500
628,500
20,700
$1,561,700 $1,561,700
Required:
a. Prepare the closing entries for December 31.
b. Prepare…
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Visno
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Urmilaben
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Accounting provide a. And. b
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arning X
+
tps://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?deploymentid=5933142288413647560152243&eISBN=97813379
CENGAGE | MINDTAP
11: Assignment - The Basics of Capital Budgeting
Blue Llama Mining Company is evaluating a proposed capital budgeting project (project Sigma) that will require an initial investment of
$800,000.
Blue Llama Mining Company has been basing capital budgeting decisions on a project's NPV; however, its new CFO wants to start using
the IRR method for capital budgeting decisions. The CFO says that the IRR is a better method because returns in percentage form are
easier to understand and compare to required returns. Blue Llama Mining Company's WACC is 8%, and project Sigma has the same risk
as the firm's average project.
The project is expected to generate the following net cash flows:
Year
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Cash Flow
$350,000
$475,000
$425,000
$500,000
Which of the following is the correct calculation of project Sigma's IRR?
34.38%
38.20%
42.02%
O 36.29%
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I'm looking for a break down on how to solve this problem, thank you
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Subject: accounting
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Review problem affecting reporting on General Fund
As the recently appointed chief accountant of the City of York, you asked the bookkeeper for a trialbalance of the General Fund as of December 31, 2022. York uses only a General Fund to recordall its transactions. This is what you received:
City of York General Fund Trial Balance December 31, 2022
Debits
Credits
Cash
$20,800
Short-term investments
180,000
Accounts receivable
11,500
Taxes receivable—current
30,000
Tax anticipation notes payable
$58,000
Appropriations
927,000
Expenditures
795,200
Estimated revenues
927,000
Revenues
750,000
General city property
98,500
General obligation bonds payable
52,000
Unassigned fund balance
380,000
$2,115,000
$2,115,000
After reviewing the trial balance, you realize that the inexperienced bookkeeper made errors onsome transactions and merely guessed at the correct accounting treatment of other transactions.This is what you found…
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Miscellaneous scenarios requiring journal entries
The following transactions and events pertain to Bean County’s General Fundfor the calendar year 2022:1. The entity receives invoices in early January 2023 for $25,000 for professional servicesobtained in 2022, and $32,000 for December 2022 utility services.2. The entity borrows $500,000 on August 1, 2022, in anticipation of thecollection of property taxes. The borrowed amount is due to be repaid onJanuary 31, 2023, with interest at the rate of 1.5 percent per annum.3. The entity invests $300,000 cash in a CD on November 1, 2022, at an interest rateof 1 percent per annum. The CD will mature on January 31, 2023.4. In September 2022, the entity receives and accepts supplies that had beenordered in August. The amount that had been encumbered was $40,000,but the amount of the approved invoice was $42,000.Prepare journal entries for the transactions and events listed above.Enter 0 or leave the field blank if no entry is required for calendar…
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What is the total amount of additional funding which the firm plans to take on in the year 2020?
FIN401 - Ch.12 Problems
Problem 12-9: Garlington Tech
S24 Variant
Balance Sheet
Cash
Receivables
Inventory
Total Current Assets
Net Fixed Assets
Total Assets
Accounts Payable
Line of Credit
Accruals
Total Current Liabilities
Long-term Bonds
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Liabilities & Equity
AFN (external)
Cumulative AFN
Income Statement
Final
Projection
12/31/2019
12/31/2020
160,000.00
184,000
360,000.00
387,000
720,000.00
828,000
1,240,000.00
1,399,000
4,000,000.00 4,600,000
5,240,000.00 5,999,000
360,000.00
414,000
148,954.27
200,000.00
230,000
560,000.00
792,954
1,000,000.00
1,000,000
1,100,000.00 1,248,954
2,580,000.00 2,957,091
5,240,000.00 5,999,000
0.00
297,908.55
Final
Projection
12/31/2019 12/31/2020
Sales
Operating Costs
4,000,000.00 4,600,000.00
3,200,000.00 3,680,000.00
EBIT
Interest
EBT
800,000.00 920,000.00
120,000.00 137,874.51
680,000.00 782,125.49
Taxes (25)
Net…
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The City of Minden entered into the following transactions during the year 2026.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A bond issue was authorized by vote to provide funds for the construction of a new municipal building, which it was estimated
would cost $1,080,000. The bonds are to be paid in 10 equal installments from a Debt Service Fund, and payments are due
March 1 of each year. Any premium on the bond issue, as well as any balance of the Capital Projects Fund, is to be transferred
directly to the Debt Service Fund.
An advance of $74,000 was received from the General Fund to underwrite a deposit on the land contract of $111,000. The
deposit was made.
Bonds of $992,000 were sold for cash at 102. It was decided not to sell all the bonds because the cost of the land was less
than expected.
Contracts amounting to $884,000 were let to Sunny and Company, the low bidder, for construction of the municipal building.
5.
The temporary advance from the General Fund was repaid and the balance on the land contract was…
arrow_forward
sent value index
Tasty Doughnuts has computed the net present value for capital expenditure at two locations. Relevant data related to the computation are as follows:
Total present value of net cash flow
Amount to be invested
Net present value
Des Moines Cedar Rapids
$192,610
$214,080
(187,000)
$5,610
(223,000)
$(8,920)
a. Determine the present value index for each proposal. Round your answers for the present value index to two decimal places.
Total present value of net cash flow
Amount to be invested
Des Moines
Cedar Rapids
Present value index
b. Which location does your analysis support? (If both present value indexes are the same, either location will grade as correct.)
, because the net present value index is
1.
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Related Questions
- Question #1 Describe capital budgeting decisions and use the net present value (NPV) method of making such decisions. Respond No one has responded to this topic. To be the first respondent, click the Respond link below the topic. 4:14 PM ENG 4/17/2021 hp f12 prt sc delete home er イ num backspace lockarrow_forwardThe City of Minden entered into the following transactions during the year 2026. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A bond issue was authorized by vote to provide funds for the construction of a new municipal building, which it was estimated would cost $1,080,000. The bonds are to be paid in 10 equal installments from a Debt Service Fund, and payments are due March 1 of each year. Any premium on the bond issue, as well as any balance of the Capital Projects Fund, is to be transferred directly to the Debt Service Fund. An advance of $74,000 was received from the General Fund to underwrite a deposit on the land contract of $111,000. The deposit was made. Bonds of $992,000 were sold for cash at 102. It was decided not to sell all the bonds because the cost of the land was less than expected. Contracts amounting to $884,000 were let to Sunny and Company, the low bidder, for construction of the municipal building. The temporary advance from the General Fund was repaid and the balance on the land…arrow_forward3 The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund. Debits Credits Accounts payable $ 108,000 Accounts receivable $ 27,400 Accrued interest payable 30,600 Accumulated depreciation 49,000 Administrative and selling expenses 51,000 Allowance for uncollectible accounts 13,000 Capital assets 714,000 Cash 96,800 Charges for sales and services 561,000 Cost of sales and services 500,000 Depreciation expense 49,000 Due from General Fund 17,300 Interest expense 40,500 Interest revenue 5,300 Transfer in from General Fund 117,600 Bank note payable 630,400 Supplies inventory 18,900 Totals $ 1,514,900 $ 1,514,900 Required: Prepare the reconciliation of operating income to net cash provided by operating activities that would appear at…arrow_forward
- 3 The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund. Debits Credits Accounts payable $ 108,000 Accounts receivable $ 27,400 Accrued interest payable 30,600 Accumulated depreciation 49,000 Administrative and selling expenses 51,000 Allowance for uncollectible accounts 13,000 Capital assets 714,000 Cash 96,800 Charges for sales and services 561,000 Cost of sales and services 500,000 Depreciation expense 49,000 Due from General Fund 17,300 Interest expense 40,500 Interest revenue 5,300 Transfer in from General Fund 117,600 Bank note payable 630,400 Supplies inventory 18,900 Totals $ 1,514,900 $ 1,514,900 Required: Prepare the reconciliation of operating income to net cash provided by operating activities that would appear at the…arrow_forwardFocarrow_forward2 The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2024, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund. Debits Credits Accounts payable $ 108,000 Accounts receivable $ 27,400 Accrued interest payable 30,600 Accumulated depreciation 49,000 Administrative and selling expenses 51,000 Allowance for uncollectible accounts 13,000 Capital assets 714,000 Cash 96,800 Charges for sales and services 561,000 Cost of sales and services 500,000 Depreciation expense 49,000 Due from General Fund 17,300 Interest expense 40,500 Interest revenue 5,300 Transfer in from General Fund 117,600 Bank note payable 630,400 Supplies inventory 18,900 Totals $ 1,514,900 $ 1,514,900 Required: Prepare the closing entries for December 31. Prepare the Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund…arrow_forward
- Required information Exercise 6-4 and Exercise 6-5 (Algo) [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] The Village of Seaside Pines prepared the following enterprise fund Trial Balance as of December 31, 2020, the last day of its fiscal year. The enterprise fund was established this year through a transfer from the General Fund. Accounts payable Accounts receivable Accrued interest payable Accumulated depreciation Administrative and selling expenses Allowance for uncollectible accounts Capital assets Cash Charges for sales and services Cost of sales and services Depreciation expense Due from General Fund Interest expense Interest revenue Transfer in from General Fund Bank note payable Supplies inventory Totals Exercise 6-4 (Algo) $ Debits 31,900 55,500 732,000 99,500 509,000 53,500 18, 200 41,400 Credits $ 117,000 35,100 53,500 13,900 579,000 6,200 128,500 628,500 20,700 $1,561,700 $1,561,700 Required: a. Prepare the closing entries for December 31. b. Prepare…arrow_forwardVisnoarrow_forwardUrmilabenarrow_forward
- Accounting provide a. And. barrow_forwardarning X + tps://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?deploymentid=5933142288413647560152243&eISBN=97813379 CENGAGE | MINDTAP 11: Assignment - The Basics of Capital Budgeting Blue Llama Mining Company is evaluating a proposed capital budgeting project (project Sigma) that will require an initial investment of $800,000. Blue Llama Mining Company has been basing capital budgeting decisions on a project's NPV; however, its new CFO wants to start using the IRR method for capital budgeting decisions. The CFO says that the IRR is a better method because returns in percentage form are easier to understand and compare to required returns. Blue Llama Mining Company's WACC is 8%, and project Sigma has the same risk as the firm's average project. The project is expected to generate the following net cash flows: Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Cash Flow $350,000 $475,000 $425,000 $500,000 Which of the following is the correct calculation of project Sigma's IRR? 34.38% 38.20% 42.02% O 36.29%arrow_forwardHello, I'm looking for a break down on how to solve this problem, thank youarrow_forward
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