Module 4 Assignment
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İzmir Katip Çelebi University *
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ENG
Subject
Finance
Date
Nov 24, 2024
Type
rtf
Pages
11
Uploaded by CommodoreWildcat2617
The traditional avenues that any parent is concerned about, while planning for expenses relating
to children, are for their higher education (college and PG programs) and their marriage. With
inflation hovering in double digits, the expected cost of higher studies for their children, leads to
a mental paralysis for any parent. A quick calculation in a spreadsheet shows, that based on
today's cost of '4 lakh for an engineering education, one requires close to '22.25 lakh in 18 years
at 10% inflation. Will a young couple have the wherewithal to save for this?
Indian parents are deeply stressed over the rise in gold prices. With a sovereign of gold costing
around '23,000, gifting one's daughter 100 sovereigns of gold for her marriage is more of a pipe
dream for many parents. Also consider that some of the 'best' caterers are charging upwards of
'125 per plate for marriage functions. Is it the end of 3 day marriage celebrations with a
gathering of 1000 people (for the middle class, at least)?
The Modern Challenges
The modern challenges facing today's parents start even earlier. Just the LKG admissions cost
anywhere from '25,000 to '50,000 in an 'average' school in a Class B city. Metro schools cost
more and so do 'premium' schools.
Added to the above 'basic' needs, there are the other needs related to social and peer pressure
facing children that parents feel they need to satisfy. It could be a laptop requirement from the
school for students of Class 5 and above. Or it could be that foreign vacation that the parent
cannot afford, which is routinely indulged in by his son's classmates.
It could be that your daughter wants an Apple iPhone4s, because all the 'cool' girls in her Class XI
carry smart phones. While they update their Facebook page every minute, she has to wait to get
home to her PC to update her Facebook page.
Financial Planning
Financial Planning for our children has two parts. The easier to solve is the financial part, the
more intense and difficult one is the behavioural part. The financial part of the financial planning
is as follows:
To set goals on what is to be done in the future.
Assign values / estimates at today's cost.
Forecast (there will be large margins of error here) the expected cost in the future.
Start saving/ investing to reach the targets
Fine tune on a yearly basis (more or less, or as often as the situation demands).
Just some knowledge of basic mathematics and use of a spreadsheet should be able to take
anyone comfortably through this process. The data related to returns forecasting and inflation
related data can be taken from Google and mutual fund sites.
Behavioural Aspects of Finance
Though the above process is (relatively) easy, each of the steps has behavioural aspects that
could make or break the planning and execution. The key is to set 'realistic' targets /goals, with
the least amount of stress. The problem is that there is no absolute standard here - everything is
relative. Things such as ratios (spend 10% of your income for children, 30% on your housing loan,
10% on food, etc) also do not work, as they are all dependent on the income levels and
commitments that one faces (do you live with your parents/in-laws, do you work away from your
home town [travel costs], what are your existing loans, what are your hobbies, etc).
The realistic goals again depend on one's aspirations, society (peer group) and self-image. Today,
one faces questions such as - Is it ok to spend '20,000 for a birthday party? Is the school that
charges '1 lakh per year in the 1st standard the right school for my child? Do I need to spend '3
lakhs for my daughter's 'Arangetram' (first stage appearance in singing or dancing)? Should my
child study abroad? The answer to all the above questions is "It Depends!" It depends on the
family's situation now and what we need to sacrifice now, and later.
Static Inertia
The last thing that anybody would want to do on any given day is to fill a boring application form
for an investment or insurance. Even if we cross the problems of setting goals, to actually
implement them is something that faces a lot of static inertia, even if it is for our children.
Sticking to a Plan
Have you had emergencies where you had to pull out an investment? Everyone has. The
difference is that the severity of the emergency will vary. The emergencies may be - My father is
in the ICU; my son's school fees needs to be paid; its Christmas/ New Year shopping season; I
absolutely need to have this new car/bike/mobile phone/laptop/TV/home theatre; my mother-
in-law is visiting.
The other two major reasons why many do not stick to plans are:
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Slick financial products sales people who make you change a plan because it has completed its 3
or 5 years minimum term, and he now advises you to buy a plan in the new company that he is
in. This way, you lose and he wins.
Market fluctuations - When we plant a tree, do we pull it out every month to check if the roots
have grown? And if the growth of the tree (above the ground that is!) is slow, do we give it more
fertilizers and protection or just pull it out and plant a new one?
Then why do we need to check if the child's fund (which is planned for a 15 year term) has
grown or not every month? If the market is down, do we need to invest more or do we close a
fund and get out with a loss?
The Way Ahead
The challenges for financial planning today are very different from the ones faced by our
parents. Parents need to invest time and effort in thinking ideas through; financial planning also
needs a basic knowledge of economics trends and financial products in the market. It will not do
to let things be and face things as they come.
The best part though, is that every parent can do a proper financial plan for their children and
come out successfully. The first step in this process is to realize and accept that there is a need to
systematically plan and execute.
Only we are responsible for our children's financial future.
Avenues for Investment for Children
None of the investment avenues in the market today are specifically designed for children.
However, we can make use of them for our children based on our intentions. The exception to
this rule is some of the protection plans from insurance companies which have special features
to protect our children (and spouse) in our absence.
Savings Vs Investment
First, we need to understand the difference between savings and investments. Yes, they are
different!
Savings is what you do for the short term (maximum of 3 years). Typically you do not want the
value of the savings to go down, come what may; you can't buy half a bicycle, can you? The
other reason for saving may be to get a regular stream of income (interest). The objective of
savings is not to increase the value of the investment (a bank deposit of '1 lakh remains the
same) but to ensure that it exists after the intended period.
Investment is primarily done to increase its value. This is done for the long term - typically a
minimum of 5 years (will you start a business to sell it in one year?). Since the duration of the
investment is long, one does not bother with short-term fluctuations in returns or loss of
invested value as long as the path taken by the investment is as per plan. Investment is not done
for regular steady return but for capital appreciation. For example, money invested in the shares
of a bank (in contrast to the deposit made in the same bank) may not give a steady dividend but
the value of the share itself will grow.
Factors to Consider while Investing/Saving
Savings and investing are not just about returns. So it is not necessary that one plan/product
that gives 25% returns is better than the one that gives only 10%. All of us have seen dozens of
'finance' companies promising very high returns and then running away with our money.
Even in returns we have to look at two things; the regular income that the avenue will give and
the capital appreciation that it can give. We also need to see if there are fluctuations in the
returns. An avenue with high fluctuations is considered to have more risk. For example, two
investments may give 10% average returns over a 5 year period. The first one gives 10% on a
yearly basis. The second one gives returns varying between 40% gain and 10% loss, but its
compounded average is still 10%. This means that the final amount in our hands at the end of
the 5 years is the same. However the second investment carries higher risk.
Liquidity or marketability is a key factor to consider while investing for children. I cannot ask the
college management to hold the seat for my daughter for the next 3 months, because I have to
sell a piece of land at the right market price. An avenue having high liquidity can be sold at the
market price quickly. Tax implications also have to be considered before a particular avenue is
chosen.
Asset Vs Liability Vs Expense
Another set of distinctions have to be studied before we can look at investment strategies for
children as it will determine how we release cash for our children's needs. This is to understand
the difference between assets, liabilities and expenses. From the personal finance angle, the
definition of an asset is something that generates a positive cash flow. Liabilities create a
negative cash flow and expenses take away our money just once.
The car is a liability as it continues to guzzle cash (in the form of fuel, maintenance and
insurance). Your daughter's school books are an expense. Your daughter's Apple iPhone 4S is a
liability (higher rentals - in spite of the 50% discount offered by the service providers. The
question is will you choose the same rental program for a normal phone?). A house given out on
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rent is an asset and so is the house that you live in if you intend to sell it with capital
appreciation. However the house that you live in and don't intend to sell, is a liability. Please
think whether the jewellery that you buy for yourself is an expense or an asset.
Must Dos
Apart from the above strategies, there are a few MUST DOs related to children. The first and
foremost is to take a life insurance term plan with high cover. The term plan is the only TRUE
insurance. There is no money returned, if there is no loss of the life insured. A car worth '7.5 lakh
will need an insurance premium of about '17,000, and you only make a claim when there is
damage. For the same premium, a 35-year-old person can be insured for '1 crore. Consider the
term plan premium as an expense that you make for your loved ones. By taking up a term plan I
ensure that my children's dreams and my dreams for them happen whether I am around or not.
The need for a term plan can be calculated as 12 times your annual income plus the outstanding
loan principals. Reviewing the term plan cover has to be done once in 2-3 years. (The 12 comes
from taking the long term average bank interest at 8%). The insurance cover should give our
family members at least the income that we make today if we are no more. This can be done by
depositing the insurance claim in a bank deposit and the yearly interest has to be equal to our
income
So cover has to be = (Income/8%) or approximately (Income x 12). This thumb rule is the
minimum cover that one needs and it does not cover for inflation.
Take up a health insurance plan for the family with at least '5 lakh as a floater cover. The floater
plan is one, where the cover is shared among the members of the family. When you cross 45,
shift from the floater to individual cover of '5 lakh. If your forefathers had any critical illness
(cancer, heart/kidney failures, stroke, etc) then it is advisable to take a top-up health insurance
going up to '10 lakh. These values are for today, as inflation increases the health care costs, the
covers will also need to be increased.
Dont's
Public Provident Fund (PPF), endowment type insurance plans and money-back insurance plans
are a strict NO NO! They are what are technically called as 'Asset Class Mismatches'. They are
savings plans but designed for the long term. Hence, their returns are lower than inflation and
they hardly have any liquidity. Their typical form of liquidity is to take a loan from the fund. It
does not make sense to me to take money from my savings and then pay an interest to
somebody. The money back plan of course has liquidity planned into it. But one has to pay a
much higher premium for the plan.
The other 'must not do' is to borrow to invest in a tax savings plan or for trading in the stock
market (day trading). Borrowing for a liability is also a NO NO! A car bought on loan is the typical
example. On one side you pay more than the car's worth due to the interest, on the other side
the car depreciates. Instead, think of buying a second hand car with the cash that you have.
Can Dos
Changing trends need different thoughts too. Along with the changes in social and economic
scenarios, we also need to think differently for our children. Here are a few of the things that we
can do for our children. Can you think of:
Giving your daughter a house instead of 100 sovereigns of gold on her marriage? It has more
utility.
Create a business fund instead of a higher education fund? An education loan is easier than a
new business loan.
When a child is born, instead of buying gold, plant a set of teak trees. The trees are good for the
environment and also will yield timber which is appreciating in price, faster than gold.
Build a set of row houses (2 or more smaller apartments) rather than one big one - the rental
income will be higher again. Also based on the need, you can sell them one by one to meet the
different needs of your children. On the same note, build a commercial building rather than a
house. The rental income is higher for commercial properties.
Explaining ULIPs and Children plans
The total annual premium for any ULIP or Unit Linked Insurance plan has two components. The
first is the life cover or actual insurance, known as 'Sum Assured'. The amount deducted for this
is called Premium allocation charge. Additionally administration charges are deducted, and the
remaining goes into the other crucial component - your investment. Units accrue into your
account from these investments made on your behalf by the insurance company, either into the
equity markets, or debt markets, or a mix of both (you choose this).
In normal ULIP plans, the insurer pays out either the sum assured, (the actual insurance amount
or risk cover) or the investment amount (from the Units), whichever is higher, upon the death of
the insured. The total plan terminates at this point. If the person survives the entire term, only
the investment amount is paid out. Units can be redeemed when needed, (the value of your
investment can be tracked at the company's website) but it pays to stay on for the full term and
be regular with premium payments.
In a Child plan, the parent(s) are insured, and the beneficiary is the child. On the loss of the
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insured parent, the plan does not terminate, but continues till the end of term. Future premiums
need not be paid, and the plan's benefits will continue for the child. Some policies or plans also
provide a monthly/yearly allowance for the child till the end of the term. Some policies give a
double benefit. They pay the Sum Assured immediately upon the loss of the parent and take the
onus of paying future premiums into the investment account, for the remaining term. This
ensures that the investments continue to grow for the child. Since the benefits are more in a
Child plan, the charges are also higher than the normal ULIP plans.
Children Plans cannot take care of all the life insurance needs. They can be taken after sufficient
cover is achieved using term plan(s).
Note about the Comparisons:
Charges mentioned are a percentage of one annual premium for the first 10 years. Fixed charges
have been converted to a percentage, based on the lowest allowed annual premium.
Only Unit Linked Plans have been compared, since only these plans make sense for long term
investment. Endowment plans being savings plans are not suitable for long term investments.
The Unique Plan Number is provided by IRDA. Quote this number when asking for a plan and
cross check the same when you receive the policy document. Sometimes similar sounding
names of plans have caused confusion leading to purchase of wrong plans.
The comparisons are based on charges. The lesser the charges, the better will be the returns.
The lumping of charges towards the beginning of the plan will lead to slower fund growth.
When using Unit Linked Funds, invest preferably on a monthly basis. Continue investing in the
equity oriented funds till 3 to 4 years to maturity. At this point, shift the accumulated corpus
gradually into the debt/liquid funds. This will maximise the returns and safeguard the funds.
Unless market savvy, it is not advisable to use the switching option.
Strategies for Children
No single investment avenue in the market can take care of all the needs related to our children.
The best way to plan for their future is to segregate needs into the short term and long term.
The short term needs like school admissions, computer, the bicycle, holidays, hobby expenses
(my daughter wants to go to Srilanka and Malaysia for Yoga camps and competitions), etc need
to be met from savings type avenues.
Long term needs like college admissions, PG courses and marriages need to be met from
investment type avenues. However, many of the long term investments like land and buildings
have very low liquidity. Also mutual funds and direct investment in stocks fluctuate based on the
market conditions. I cannot stop a market from falling because it is the year of my daughter's
college admission.
The strategy here will be to stay invested in the long term investment till a year or two before
the actual need. Then the investment needs to be shifted into a savings avenue with quick
liquidity. (Sell the piece of land when she is in her 10th or 11th standard and keep it in a bank
deposit or debt mutual fund).This way we can make the gains and also manage the market
fluctuations. One should not worry about the 'virtual' loss if the markets do grow in the last year
also.
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Lokalalo has plenty of customers, who because of the nature and price of the work these customers are typically given a month to pay for the work. At 31 August 2020, Lokalalo has $1,500,000 in accounts receivable. Lokalalo anticipates that 10% of their customers will default and not pay at all.
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What value will the accounts receivable (debtors) be recorded for in the balance sheet on 31 August and why?
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pays a $166,010 death benefit. What is the expected gain or loss to the man when
for a life-insurance policy that
purchasing the insurance policy?
Hint: Calculate the expected loss of the premium if the man survives (always a negative
value), then subtract the premium from the death benefit and calculate the expected gain
to the beneficiarles if the man dies (always a positive value), and then add these two
numbers to find the net result. A negative net result should be entered as a negative value
In the box below.
Note: Please avold rounding numbers in the middle of your calculations. However, round your
final answer to two decimal places, before entering it in the box below. A negative final answer
indicates an expected loss for purchasing the policy.
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Note:-
Do not provide handwritten solution. Maintain accuracy and quality in your answer. Take care of plagiarism.
Answer completely.
You will get up vote for sure.
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YES- (21.6%)
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Don't give answer in image
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Suppose that you are in the fall of your senior year and are faced with the choice of either getting a job when you graduate or going to law school. Of course, your choice is not purely financial. However, to make an informed decision you would like to know the financial implications of the two alternatives. Let's assume that your alternatives are as follows:
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years later.
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ISBN:9780077861759
Author:Stephen A. Ross Franco Modigliani Professor of Financial Economics Professor, Randolph W Westerfield Robert R. Dockson Deans Chair in Bus. Admin., Jeffrey Jaffe, Bradford D Jordan Professor
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
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