2216 EXAMPLE How to Complete Critical Appraisal Worksheet
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NSGD 2216 Take Home Final Exam Critical Appraisal Worksheet [Example Document – Harness]
Complete the Assignment Worksheet and SAVE AS using the following name format:
Last Name_NSGD2216FinalExam (e.g., Anyinam_NSGD2216FinalExam). Please DO NOT change the format of the table. Note: there are maximum length limits in sections 2, 3 and 4c. Content beyond the limit in these sections will not be read. STUDENT NAME: 1. PICO(T) Format Research Question
: Enter the research question you have develop using the PICOT format. [Hint – It can be helpful to classify your question based on the clinical domain (e.g., intervention, prevention) and use the corresponding PICOT question template provided in the assignment description. If your question is qualitative, it may be more useful to use an alternative framework such as SPIDER, PEO or SPICE [https://guides.lib.unc.edu/pico/frameworks] [
highlight
which alternative framework selected]. 10 MARKS
In dogs, what is the effect of a harness on the range of motion compared to collars over a prolonged period of use?
Identify the elements of the PICOT format
P
dogs
I
harness
C
collar
N/A O
Range of motion (ROM)
T
Prolonged use
N/A OR
S
P
S
P
E
P
I
O
I
D
C
E
E
R
2. Relevance and Importance of the Research Question
: Briefly describe why you believe this is an important question given your source [insert link] and your own professional and personal experiences. [Hint- Your rationale should move beyond your own personal perceptions to integrate literature in support of your thinking]. Maximum length: 200 words. Content beyond this word limit will not be read.
5 MARKS
Domestic dog ownership has increased during the pandemic. There are different types of control and safety products on the market. These devices can be broadly organized into two categories: collars and harnesses. The importance of understanding how these devices impact dogs cannot be understated. Over the course of a dog’s life, they spend a considerable amount of time wearing these devices. For working dogs and those involved in competitive sports, either a harness or a collar may be worn
continually for hours each day. There is a dearth of information about what impact, if any, either type of device has on a dog’s ability to walk, and consequently, their physical health over time. Blake and colleagues (2019) note that some studies have addressed the behavioural effects of a collar and harness. There is also anecdotal reporting that harnesses are better than collars for the overall wellbeing of a dog; however, no clear and sound evidence is cited by manufacturer or supporters of harnesses (Pauli, Bentley, Diehl & Miller 2006).
Given pet owners’ concern for their ‘furry’ family members and the financial investments they make to ensuring their safety, it is important to understand what, if any, impacts these products may have on a dog’ health. References
Blake, S., Williams, R., & de Godoy, R. F. (2019). A systematic review of the biomechanical effects of harness and Head-collar use in dogs.
bioRxiv
, 759258. doi.org/10.1101/759258
Pauli, A. M., Bentley, E., Diehl, K. A., & Miller, P. E. (2006). Effects of the application of neck pressure by a collar or harness on intraocular pressure in dogs.
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
,
42
(3), 207-211.
3. Search Strategy
: 1) Briefly describe your CINAHL search strategy 2) Show your search and how you entered them with Boolean logic, truncations, wild cards, etc. using the search strategy table in the worksheet. [Hint – The search strategy information is often provided in a similar table format in the databases searched] Maximum length: 200 words. Content beyond this word limit will not be read.
10 MARKS
I searched the PubMed database to identify research evidence addressing my clinical question. I first developed a table (see below) identifying the alternative terms to the key PICOT elements of my clinical question. While the PICOT formatted question included a time period, I did not indicate a particular time period in my search because it was difficult to determine what would qualify as a ‘prolonged time’.
The terms used were . . . These were combined using Boolean Operators, ‘OR’ and ‘AND’ (refer to the search strategy table). I limited my search to research conducted between 2000 and April 2021, journal articles in English, and non-human participants. My search identified 136 articles. I applied the following criteria to identify suitable articles to include in this review: 1) answers to 1st area of the 4 areas of critical appraisal were ‘yes’, 2) most current year of publication and 3) level of the evidence. Only 4 articles closely matched the inclusion criteria
Table 1: Generated Search Terms P
Dog*
canine
Puppy*
canis lupus familiaris I
harness
No-pull
no pull
non-pull
non pull
Restraint*
Vest
Vest-harness
“julius-k9” Dogmatic
rufffwear
C
collar
Head-collar
Head collar
halti
O
Walking Walk pattern
Biomechan*
Range of motion
ROM
Motion
Locomotion
Kinemetic*
kinetics
Stride*
gait
Goniometry
pressure
Database
Search Strategy
Results
e.g., CINAHL
[(Search Field, all fields; back pain OR lower back pain OR Lumber pain OR back ache ) AND
(Search Field, all fields: older people OR elderly OR older adults OR senior* OR older population OR geriatric OR elders) AND
(Search Field, all fields: strength training OR resistance training)]
LIMITS: English, ≥
2015
16
PUBMED
1: (dog* OR canine OR puppy* OR “canis lupus familiaris” 2: (harness OR restraint* OR collar OR “head collar” OR “head-collar” OR
halti OR “no pull” OR “no-pull” OR “non-pull” OR “non pull} OR “julius-k9” OR dogmatic OR ruffwear OR “vest harness” OR vest) 3: (kinematic* OR range of motion OR rom OR goniometry OR pressure OR
gait OR stride* OR kinetics OR motion OR locomotion or biomechan* or walking OR walking pattern
381,474 92,374 2,675,811 1 AND 2 AND 3
315
Filters:
Journal Article, Other Animals, English, from 2000 - 2021
136
4a. Reference List: Provide a reference list of the 4 articles you identified using APA format (7
th
Ed) 5 MARKS
Lafuente, M. P., Provis, L., & Schmalz, E. A. (2019). Effects of restrictive and non-restrictive harnesses on shoulder extension in dogs at walk and trot. The Veterinary Record
, 184
(2), 64. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104946
. . .
4b. Summary Table: Completing the summary table for each research article. 10 MARKS
Article Author
Purpose/Focus
Method design/Level of Evidence
Key Findings
Gaps and additional notes
Lafuente, M. P., Provis, L., & Schmalz, E. A. (2019).
compared restrictive and
non-restrictive harnesses. The study measured the forelimb movements of 9 conveniently sampled dogs walking and trotting
on a canine treadmill under various conditions with and without a harness
preliminary, quasi-
experimental study (Level 3 evidence)
there is statistically significant shoulder restriction caused by both types of harnesses. Shoulder extension was restricted more in dogs wearing a non-restrictive harness than those wearing restrictive harness
While the study is current, peer-
reviewed, included a literature review, and focuses on the impact of harnesses
on locomotion, it did not compare harnesses to collars. authors are not explicit about the study design and there is potential bias due to sample
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size and how they sampled
The authors also acknowledged the study limitations and discussed implications, recommendations that took these limitations into consideration
4c. Review of the Research Evidence: Write a review of the evidence addressing your research question.
Refer to exam instructions for further details. Your review should reflect a synthesis of information based
on your summary of the 4 articles reporting research. Include a conclusion statement and any relevant implications for nursing or health care. Maximum Length = 500 words. Content beyond this word limit will not be read20 MARKS
The studies reviewed, while addressing the impact of harnesses on range of motion in dogs, did not compare harnesses to collars. As such, they cannot directly inform the clinical question, in dogs, what is the effect of a harness on the walking pattern and physical health compared to head-collars over a prolonged period of use? This notwithstanding, the findings of the 4 studies reviewed do provide some, albeit limited, insights into the impact of harnesses on canine range of motion. A quasi-experimental design was used in each of the four study; however, by comparison, all the studies shared some gaps and
limitations. …[continue to outline review and provide conclusion]
While all 4 studies suffered a variety of issues and limitations, most reliable evidence was generated by …
In conclusion the evidence examined is not reliable to answer the clinical question posed. This review suggests that there is little empirical evidence informing on the ROM impact of a harness on a dog compared to collars. The implication of the findings of this review is that there unlikely any empirical evidence to support claims of superiority of harnesses or one type of harness over another. Although Pet owners should take the available evidence into consideration, would be wise to closely weight all forms of evidence including
expert opinion and the lived experience with their pet, when deciding about which control apparatus to purchase.