Module 7 Lab (3)

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Excelsior University *

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161

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Module 7 Lab: Integrators and Differentiators INTRODUCTION . – In this laboratory exercise you will build and measure the characteristics of integrators and differentiators. These are circuits for which the output signal is the integral or derivate of the input signal. PROCEDURE 1.- Integrator The circuit shown in Figure 7-1 shows the implementation of a practical integrator. Figure 7-1: Practical integrator circuit The input is a square signal with a 0.75 Vpeak and a frequency of 2.5 kHz. Note that instead of the frequency, the source indicates the ‘high’ period and the total period. This allows for generating square signals with different duty cycles. ELEC 161 – Module 7 Laboratory - Page 1

To select this source in Multisim follow this procedure: Fron the “Sources” Library, select “Signal_Voltage_Source” and then “Pulse_Voltage” as shown in Figure 7-2. Figure 7-2: Selecting Square Signal 1.1 Double click on the source and select the following parameters: Initial Value = - 0.75 V Pulsed Value = 0.75 V Pulse width = 0.4 ms Period = 0.8 ms 1.2 Connect Channel A of the Oscilloscope to the Input signal and Channel B to the Output of the Op Amp. Run the simulation and measure the frequency and amplitude of the output signal. Shape of output signal: Frequency of output signal = Amplitude of output signal = ELEC 161 – Module 7 Laboratory - Page 2

1.3 Remove R2 and run the simulation again. Comment on what is happening. 2.- Differentiator The circuit in Figure 7-3 shows a basic differentiator. Figure 7-3: Basic Differentiator 2.1 Build this basic differentiator. For the triangular signal at the input, you will be using a new instrument to widen your knowledge of Multisim. This instrument is the Function Generator. It is available on the menu of instruments on the right vertical panel of Multisim as shown in Figure 7-4. Figure 7-4: Function Generator from Instruments Menu ELEC 161 – Module 7 Laboratory - Page 3

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Alternatively, you can also bring the Function Generator from the following Menu as shown in Figure 3-9: Simulate à Instruments à Function Generator. 2.2 Double click on the Function Generator and select: - Signal: Triangular - Frequency: 1 kHz - Duty Cycle: 50 % - Amplitude: 5 V peak - Offset: 0 V Also, connect the terminal marked as ‘+’ to Vin and the terminal marked as ‘-‘ to ground. 2.3 Connect Channel A of the Oscilloscope to the Input signal and Channel B to the Output of the Op Amp. Run the simulation. Comment on the signal you observe. 2.4 Mostly likely you will experience noise in the form of ringing or oscillations at the transitions of the square signal. To remedy this, place a 100 Ω resistor in series with C2. You can also add a 100 pF capacitor in parallel with R4. Change the values of these additional components until you have a cleaner square signal. Measure the frequency and amplitude of this signal. Frequency = Amplitude = LABORATORY REPORT Create a laboratory report that contains at least these elements:  Introduction: what is the purpose of this laboratory experiment?  Results for each section: Measured and calculated values, calculations, etc. Follow the outline. Include screenshots for the circuits and waveforms as necessary. Use the “Snipping tool” or similar depending ELEC 161 – Module 7 Laboratory - Page 4

on the operating system of your machine. Either way, you can paste these figures into your Word processor. Also include the charts and graphs that you have created with the data you have collected.  Conclusion: What area(s) did you have difficulties with the lab; what did you learn in this experiment; how does it apply to your coursework and any other comments. ELEC 161 – Module 7 Laboratory - Page 5