Circuit analysis 2 Lab 1

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Electrical Engineering

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New York City College of Technology The City University of New York Learning How to use Oscilloscope, Digital Multimeter, and Audio Oscillator Experiment 1, Lab Report 1 Erick Bueno, David Burrell, Krist Coello Circuit Analysis II, EET 1222 HD24 Prof. Kalechman September 27, 2023

2 Index Objectives —-------------------------> 3 Theory —--------------------------> 4 Run 1 —---------------------------> 5 Run 2 —------------------------> 6-7 Run 3 —--------------------------> 8 Q & A —--------------------------> 9 Conclusion —-------------------------> 10

3 Objectives: ❖ To learn how to use a Digital Multimeter, Oscilloscope, and Audio Oscillator for fundamental uses in Circuit Analysis ❖ To learn and be able to calculate the percent difference of the calculated values of V Rms , Period (T), and Frequency

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4 Theory: What is an Oscilloscope? An Oscilloscope is a device that is used to observe oscillations affected by electrical voltage, current, or frequency and is displayed on the screen of a cathode ray tube. Essentially testing and displaying voltage signals as waveforms as voltage over time. The vertical axis (Y) represents voltage measurement and the horizontal axis (X) represents time. What is a Digital Multimeter? A Digital Multimeter (DMM) is a device that is used to measure and verify multiple electrical quantities such as voltage, current, and resistance. Combining features of an Ohmmeter, Ammeter, and Voltmeter. What is an Audio Oscillator? An Audio Oscillator is a device that is used to generate Frequencies; specifically one Frequency at a time.

5 RUN 1 Objective : To use our fundamental knowledge on using the Oscilloscope and Audio Oscillator to place an input Voltage Peak-to-peak and also a Frequency. In order to be able to read on the Oscilloscope the Voltage Average (V AVE ), Minimum & MaximumVoltage (V MIN & V MAX ), Voltage peak-to-peak (V PP ), and Voltage Root-Mean-Square ( V RMS ). Results :

6 Run 2 Objective : To use our fundamental knowledge on using the Oscilloscope, Audio Oscillator, and Digital Multimeter (DMM) . Using the Audio Oscillator to input a Frequency and Voltage peak-to- peak Value (V PP ). Then, proceed to use the DMM in order to measure the V RMS and Frequency to receive a measured value. Then by using theory we would use equations to calculate V RMS and then calculate the % difference between the measured value and calculated value. Equations : V P = V PP / 2 V RMS = V P (.707) % Diff = ( ( V RMS CALCULATED - V RMS MEASURED ) / V RMS Calculated ) 100 Results :

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7 % Difference between calculated results and measured results for V RMS : V RMS Measured V RMS Calculated % Difference 1.06 2.12 50 1.06 2.12 50 1.06 2.12 50 1.06 2.12 50 1.06 2.12 50 1.06 2.12 50

8 Run 3 Objective : To use our fundamental knowledge on using the Oscilloscope, Audio Oscillator, and Digital Multimeter (DMM) . Using the Audio Oscillator to input a Frequency and Voltage peak-to- peak Value (V PP ). Proceeding to use the Oscilloscope to measure V RMS , V Minimum (V MIN ) , V Maximum (V MAX ) , V Average (V AVE ) , Period ( T ), and Frequency ( f) . Following the readings on the oscilloscope we are to then use the DMM in order to take measurements for V RMS and Frequency ( f ). Then after placing the data from the measurements taken from the Oscilloscope and DMM into a table, we proceed to calculate V RMS and the Period ( T ) using theory. Finally, the last step is to calculate the % Difference between the calculated V RMS and the measured V RMS from the Oscilloscope. Equations : V P = V PP / 2 V RMS = V P (.707) T = 1 / f % Diff = ( ( V RMS CALCULATED - V RMS MEASURED ) / V RMS Calculated ) 100 Results :

9 Q & A We didn't go into the experiment with any questions since we were only using the Oscilloscope, Audio Oscillator, and the Digital Multimeter in order to measure the data we were seeking. Then calculating the values we were seeking to then proceed to calculate the % Difference from our calculations and the measurements we received from the measurement devices. However, there were some wonders at the beginning of the lab: 1. How accurate are our calculations going to be compared to the measured values? 2. Can the age of the equipment affect the data we are seeking? 1. After beginning the lab and working it all the way through we were able to see that for both RUN 2 and 3. Which were the only parts of the lab that we were supposed to calculate % Difference, we saw that our calculation and measured data were off by 50%. We had placed all the correct inputs into the Audio Oscillator and placed the DMM in the correct places to measure the correct values. Therefore, on our part of the lab we have done everything in order to receive the data we were seeking. 2. When we were assigned our first bench and had begun the lab we were instantly met with an issue in being able to receive a finite value of measurement on the Oscilloscope. We placed the correct inputs for V PP and Frequency but we were getting unreadable values of measurement on the Oscilloscope. The graph that was also being observed was very unstable and wouldn't form a wave signal. Thus resulting in the conclusion that the Oscilloscope was the issue in not allowing us to accurately measure the values we were seeking.

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10 Conclusion In concluding the lab we were able to observe immediately that our calculated values compared to the measured values taken from the devices of measurement ( oscilloscope, DMM, & Audio Oscillator) were nowhere near each other and were off by nearly 50%. However, we were also able to see that the readings from the DMM and Oscilloscope were off by less than 5% averaging from a 1- 2% difference. Not only was the %difference the only observable inconsistency but we also came to the realization that the age of the devices we use to measure also play a big role in being able to receive a measurement that is accurate. In our first attempt to begin the lab we weren't able to read or record any values because the Oscilloscope wasn’t producing any readable values and provided an unstable signal. Thus, concluding the experiment by observing that in order to have a keen interpretation in recording the most accurate data there are a lot of factors to take into consideration when running an experiment, resulting in either human error or faulty equipment. Therefore, allowing us to see that the calculated values that we can calculate can be very different in front the values we end up measuring.