phys 1434 lab 4

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CUNY New York City College of Technology *

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PHYS 1434

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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Ohm’s Law and Resistors in Parallel and in Series PHYS 1434 D781 Student’s name: Kahou Puan Team’s Names: Matthew and Stefano Professor’s name: Leonid Pomirchi Date Completed: 3/06/2023

Theory Ohm's rule is a basic concept of electric circuitry that says that, given a fixed resistance, the current passing through a conductor is exactly proportionate to the voltage applied across it. Georg Simon Ohm found this rule in 1827, and it applies to circuits with one or more resistors connected in parallel or series. According to Ohm's law, the current flowing through a conductor is proportional to the voltage applied across it and inversely proportional to the conductor's resistance. This relationship is mathematically expressed as I=V/R, where I is current, V is voltage, and R is resistance. Multiple resistors in series share the same current, and the voltage across each resistor is proportional to its resistance. Summing the individual resistances yields the total resistance of the series combination. Ohm's law can be used to calculate the current flowing through the circuit by dividing the voltage by the total resistance. When resistors are connected in series, they all have the same voltage across them, and the current flowing through each resistor is proportional to its conductance. Summing the individual conductances yields the total conductance of the parallel combination. The reciprocal of the total conductance can be used to calculate the total resistance of the parallel combination. Using Ohm's law, the current passing through each resistor can be calculated by reducing the voltage by the resistance of each individual resistor. By adding the individual currents, the total current flowing through the circuit can be calculated. Understanding the behavior of resistors in parallel and in series is fundamental to the design and analysis of electrical circuits. By applying Ohm's law and the principles discussed above, engineers and technicians can design circuits with specific performance characteristics and troubleshoot existing circuits to identify and correct faults. Goal  Explore the relationship between electric current, voltage, and resistance and understand the Ohm’s Law  Analyze the graphs of current vs voltage and current vs inversed resistance  Understand the difference between the ohmic resistance and the diode which has nonlinear resistance  Able to connect resistors in series and in parallel  Determine the equivalent resistance of series and parallel combinations of resistors

Data Table 5.1 Initial direction of current across the resistor Reverse direction of current when you reverse the leads across of the resistor R 1 =1000 Ω R 2 =1200 Ω R 1 =1000 Ω R 2 =1200 Ω Voltage, V Current I, A Voltage, V Current I, A Voltage, V Current I, A Voltage, V Current I, A 1.9 0.0015 1.9 0.001 1.9 0.0015 1.9 0.001 2.9 0.0025 2.9 0.002 2.9 0.0025 2.9 0.002 3.9 0.003 3.9 0.003 3.9 0.003 3.9 0.003 4.9 0.0045 4.9 0.004 4.9 0.0045 4.9 0.004 5.9 0.005 5.9 0.0045 5.9 0.005 5.9 0.0045 6.9 0.006 6.9 0.005 6.9 0.006 6.9 0.005 7.9 0.007 7.9 0.006 7.9 0.007 7.9 0.006 8.9 0.008 8.9 0.0065 8.9 0.008 8.9 0.0065 9.9 0.009 9.9 0.0075 9.9 0.009 9.9 0.0075 10.9 0.010 10.9 0.0085 10.9 0.010 10.9 0.0085 11.9 0.011 11.9 0.009 11.9 0.011 11.9 0.009 Resistors Slope from graph, 1/Ω R = 1/slope, Ω Actual Value of R, Ω % difference R1 1000 Ω 0.001 1000 1000 N/A R2 1200 Ω 0.0012 1200 1200 N/A

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 0.01 0.02 Initial direction at 1000 Ω Voltage Current 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 0.01 0.01 Initial direction at 1200 Ω Voltage Current

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 0.01 0.02 Reverse Direction at 1000 Ω Voltage Current 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 0.01 0.01 Reverse direction at 1200 Ω Voltage Current Table 5.2 Resistance R, Ω 1/R, Ω -1 Current I, A 300 0.003 0.037 500 0.002 0.0225 700 0.0014 0.016 900 0.0011 0.0115 1100 0.0009 0.01 1300 0.0007 0.0085

Conclusion In conclusion, the goal of this lab aimed to explore the fundamental relationship between electric current, voltage, and resistance while gaining an understanding of Ohm's Law. Through analyzing the graphs of current vs voltage and current vs inversed resistance, we were able to understand the difference between ohmic and nonlinear resistance, specifically the diode. Additionally, we learned how to connect various resistors in both series and parallel configurations, allowing for the determination of the equivalent resistance of series and parallel combinations of resistors. These concepts are crucial in understanding the behavior of electrical circuits and laying the groundwork for more advanced analysis. Overall, this lab provided a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of electricity and helped to reinforce our understanding of key concepts related to electric circuits. Questions 1. Yes, the absolute value of electric current is the same even when the leads were reversed across the resistance. 2. Yes, the resistance does follow Ohm’s Law based on the experimental data provided in the tables above. 3. We did not use the diode in this lab; therefore, this absolute value is unknown but in theory it should not be the same when reversing the leads. 4. As stated, we did not utilize the diode for this lab 5. V = I x R 120 = 2.5 x R R = 120 / 2.5 R = 48 Ω The effective resistance of the TV is 48 Ohms

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