Average global surface temperature and the layer model (Answers) (1)

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24SP-SCI-230-A-Quant.Anlys of Climate Change Maysun Sharah Rahman Part 1: Modeling the Greenhouse Effect with Absorbing Layers In the Layer Model module, set the albedo to 0.3 to approximate Earth’s current average albedo. Click on Flux Meter. Drag the flux meter to just above the surface. Click on Start Sunlight, and let the sim run until the surface temperature stabilizes. The Earth absorbs the sunlight photons (yellow) and then radiates infrared photons (red). From the Flux Meter, record the units of both incoming and outgoing sunlight radiation in the table below. Do the same for infrared radiation. Then, calculate the total incoming and outgoing radiation. Add one absorbing layer, and make sure the flux meter is below the absorbing layer. Let the simulation run until the surface temperature stabilizes and record the data in the table below. 1. How do the sunlight photons interact with the absorbing layer? Answer: There is no reaction between sunlight photons and the absorbing layer. 2. How do the infrared photons interact with the absorbing layer? Answer: The layer absorbs the infrared photons as they disappear once they enter the layer # of Layers Sunlight In Infrared In Total In Sunlight Out Infrared Out Total Out Surface T 0 4 0 4 1 3 4 -18°C 1 4 3 7 1 7 8 40 2 4 7 11 1 7 8 70 3 4 8 12 1 8 9 99 3. How did the surface temperature change as you added absorbing layers? Explain why this happens. Answer: As I add absorbing layers, more infrared photons are absorbed in the atmosphere, which raises the surface temperature. Part 2: The Greenhouse Effect on Earth

Click on the Photons module. Set the greenhouse gas concentration to none. Uncheck Cloud. Start Sunlight and let the simulation run until the surface temperature stabilizes. 1. With no greenhouse gases in the atmosphere or no clouds, what is the temperature at the surface of the Earth? Answer: The temperature at the surface of the Earth is stable at -9.3 degrees Celsius. Slowly move the greenhouse gas concentration slide upward and stop at the middle. 2. Observe the behavior of the infrared photons. Explain what is happening. Answer: Less infrared light is reflected into the atmosphere, and more is absorbed by the surface . 3. When the slide is in the middle, what is the surface temperature? How does this compare to the temperature when there are no greenhouse gasses present? Answer: At 10.4 degrees Celsius, the surface temperature is much greater than it would be in the absence of greenhouse gases. 4. An increase in greenhouse gas concentration leads to a(n) (increase or decrease) in surface temperature. Answer: An increase in greenhouse gas concentrations leads to an increase in surface temperature. Reset the simulation. Under Greenhouse Gas Concentration, click on the calendar. Set the conditions to Ice Age. Note the greenhouse gas concentrations in the table below. Run the simulation until the temperature stabilizes. Record the surface temperature in the table below. Complete the table below by running the simulation for the remaining time periods Time Period Greenhouse Gas Concentration Temperature CO₂. CH₄ N₂0 Ice Age 180 ppm 380 ppb 215 ppb 7.5 C 1750 277 ppm 694 ppb 271 ppb 13.6 C 1950 311 ppm 1116 ppb 288 ppb 13.7 C 2020 413 ppm 1889 ppb 333 ppb 14.9 C Part 3: Effect of Clouds on Temperature Reset the simulation. Again, start with the greenhouse gas concentration at zero. This time check Cloud to simulate the presence of clouds. Start Sunlight. Allow the surface temperature to stabilize. 6. How are the sunlight photons interact with the cloud? Answer: The sunlight photons are bouncing off the cloud; the cloud reflects sunlight. 7. How are the infrared photons interacting with the cloud?

Answer: There is no interaction between the infrared photons and the cloud; the photons are passing through the cloud. 8. Did the surface temperature increase, decrease or stay the same? (compare to the temperature in Part 2 Question #1) Answer: In contrast to the temperature in Part 2 Question #1, the surface temperature dropped. Because the cloud reflects sunlight, the earth's surface receives less heat. For the following questions, use the internet to research. 1. How can clouds affect surface temperature on a local scale during the day? What about at night? Answer: Clouds can affect surface temperatures locally, raising and lowering them. Since they stop heat from escaping, high level clouds frequently cause the surface to overheat. The simulation indicated that photons from sunshine are reflected by low-level clouds, causing the surface to cool. The Earth's surface is covered with a layer of heat that is retained by clouds at night. 2. What is the net effect of cloud cover on Earth's global temperature today? Answer: My analysis indicates that the net effect of cloud cover on Earth's current global temperature is a 5-degree Celsius decrease of the surface. Part 4: Albedo Albedo is the fraction of light that a surface reflects. A surface that reflects 100% of light has an albedo of 1, while a surface that absorbs 100% of light has an albedo of zero. Keep in mind that a perfect absorber is also a perfect emitter. Click on the Layer Model module. Set the surface albedo to zero. Click on Flux Meter. Drag the flux meter to just above the surface. Click on Start Sunlight, and let the sim run until the temperature stabilizes. The Earth absorbs the sunlight photons (yellow) and then radiates infrared photons (red). 1. Compare and contrast the Energy Flux sunlight and infrared arrows. Relate your observation to the fact that you set the albedo to 0. Answer: The sunlight arrow has 4 units of sunlight photons going in while the infrared arrow has 4 units of infrared energy going out. 2. What is the surface temperature in this scenario? The surface temperature in this scenario is 5.9 degrees Celsius. Answer: Give the simulation a reset. The current average albedo of the Earth's surface is 0.3 (30%), therefore set the albedo to that value. To begin the simulation, click Start Sunlight, and wait for the temperature to stabilize. 3. Observe the Energy Flux sunlight and infrared arrows. Explain why they look the way they do. Answer: With 4 units going in and 1 unit going out for the sunlight arrow, the albedo of 0.3 implies that sunlight is moving outward. There are 3.5 units emitted by the infrared arrow, indicating that the emitter is not perfect, as indicated by the albedo.

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4. What is the temperature and why is it colder than the temperature with zero albedo? Answer: Since a larger concentration reflects sunlight back into the atmosphere, the temperature, which is -9.3 degrees Celsius, is lower than the temperature with zero albedo. Instead of the surface being absorbed, this cools it. While the sim is running, slowly increase the albedo of Earth’s surface. 5. Observe the Energy Flux arrows for sunlight and infrared radiation. What happens to the temperature? Explain why. Answer: More sunlight is reflected when the negative units on the sunshine arrow rise. Greater albedo for the infrared arrow denotes a worse emitter. Because more sunlight is reflected by areas with higher albedo, the temperature is dropping . Closing Questions: 3. Do you think Earth’s albedo was during the Ice Age than it is now? Would this affect global temperature? Explain. Answer: I believe that during the Ice Age, Earth's albedo was higher than it is today. As albedo decreases, the global temperature rises. 4. Explain how the greenhouse effect works at Earth’s surface IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Answer: The interaction of incoming solar radiation with the planet's surface causes the greenhouse effect at Earth's surface, which results in the emission of infrared light. Some of this infrared radiation is absorbed and remitted by greenhouse gases found in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, which trap heat and keep the temperature suitable for living. By acting as a thermal blanket, this natural process stops too much heat from escaping into space. However, by amplifying this impact, human activity-induced increases in greenhouse gas concentrations contribute to climate change and global warming.

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