CT212_AbrahamW1Lab
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Name: Shekita Abraham
GID: G00218493
Lab 1: Introduction to Digital Logic and Number Systems
Grantham University
Date: 11/12/2023
Note: When writing the report, make sure you write in 3
rd
person
Introduction:
This week's lab has two parts, part A and part B. For part A the objective will be to describe the multisim instruments and components associated with digital circuits, show how to access and use the logic probes, and show how to use and access the logic analyzer to observe the operation of a digital circuit. For part B, the objective is to apply the weighted column method to convert binary values to decimal values and verify the answers with a decimal conversion circuit, apply group by three methods to covert binary values to octal values, and apply group by four methods to convert binary values to hexadecimal values. The expectations for part A of this lab will be to learn the digital tools that work with digital circuits. The expectation for part B is to learn to use multisim to convert different values. Equipment/Components: The equipment to be used in this lab is the instruction in the lab sheet, multisim instrument logic analyzer, and probes.
Procedure: Follow instructions in the lab sheet to identify multisim digital tools, take digital measurements in multisim, use the logic analyzer in multisim, and observe and compare the operation of combinational and sequential logic circuits.
Calculations:
Include circuit analysis and all calculations here (if applicable).
Circuit design:
Probe Indicators
Logic Analyzer
Binary to Decimal
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Binary to Octal
Binary to Hexadecimal
Execution/Results:
Probe Idicators
Logic Analyzer
Binary to Decimal
Binary to Octal
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Binary to Hexadecimal
Analysis:
Would the mercury thermometer with the numbered scale shown in Figure 1-5 be considered analog or digital in nature? Why? The mercury thermometer would be considered analog because of it’s constant flow of readings
Would you probably design a digital circuit or analog circuit to grade multiple-choice tests? Why? I would design a digital circuit to grade multiple choice tests because you could set the circuit to turn on when it picks up a dark bubble on a sheet, count it and turn it off when it doesn’t see one.
Table 1-2: Logic Analyzer Circuit States
Time Division
Q
0
(Red)
Q
1
(Green)
Q
2
(Blue)
1
High
High
High
2
Low
High
High
3
Low
High
Low
4
Low
High
Low
5
Low
High
High
6
High
Low
High
7
High
Low
Low
8
Low
High
Low
9
Low
Low
High
10
High
Low
High
Questions for Part 2
1) From Table 1-2, how many unique states does the circuit appear to have? 2
2) From Table 1-2, does there appear to be any pattern to how the state of each probe changes? I don’t see a pattern in the probe changes.
3) If the frequency of the clock had been 10 kHz rather than 10 Hz, so that the probes changed state one thousand times faster, how easily could you have completed Table 1-2? It would have been the same to complete the table.
Table 1-3: Logic Analyzer Circuit States
Time Division
Q
0
(Red)
Q
1
(Green)
Q
2
(Blue)
1
Low
Low
Low
2
High
Low
Low
3
Low
High
Low
4
High
High
Low
5
Low
Low
High
6
High
Low
High
7
Low
High
High
8
High
High
High
9
Low
Low
Low
10
High
Low
Low
Questions for Part 3 1) From Table 1-3, how many unique states does the circuit appear to have? 2
2) From Table 1-3, does there appear to be any pattern to how the state
of each data line changes? It does appear to be a pattern of how the state of each data line changes.
3) Does the circuit operation appear to be any different at 10 kHz compared to 10 Hz? The circuit operation appears to be identical.
1) How does the simulation time (time for the circuit to compute the decimal value) change as the binary values get larger? Why? The time gets longer as the binary values get larger, due to more time needed to compute.
2) Set the DIP switch J
1
to 11111111, start the conversion process, and watch the simulation time at the lower right-hand corner of the Multisim screen. How does the simulation time (the time the circuit experiences) compare to real-time (the time you experience)? The simulation time seems to take longer than real-time.
Table 2-5: Multisim Computed Octal Values
Binary
Value
Computed
Value
Binary
Value
Computed
Value
Binary
Value
Computed
Value
00000011
003
01010101
125
10100110
246
00001110
016
10000001
201
11111111
377
Questions for Part 2
1) How does the simulation time (time for the circuit to compute the decimal value) change as the binary values get larger? The simulation time did not appear to increase or decrease in length as the binary values got larger.
2) Compare the display circuitry for Digital_Exp_02_Part_01 and Digital_Exp_02_Part_02. Note that the
binary-to-octal conversion circuit uses the same display circuitry as the binary-to-decimal conversion
circuit. Why is this possible? Comparing the display circuitry between part 1 and part 2, it was very apparent the circuitry in part 1 was more complex than in part 2. But both were still able to do the conversions because the same functions were completed.
Table 2-6: Hexadecimal Digits for 4-Bit Binary Groups
Bit Group
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
Hexadecimal Digit
0
1
C
3
4
5
6
7
Bit Group
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
Hexadecimal Digit
8
9
A
6
C
d
E
F
3) Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the remaining binary values in Table 2-7.
Table 2-7: Group-by-Four Conversion Method
Binary
Value
Bit Group
Hexadecimal Value
Left
Right
Digit 1
Digit 2
00010001
0001
0001
1
1
01111110
0111
1110
8
1
10101111
1010
1111
A
F
11000010
1100
0010
C
2
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11100101
1110
0101
E
5
11111111
1111
1111
F
F
Table 2-8: Multisim Computed Hexadecimal Values
Binary Value
Computed Value
Binary Value
Computed Value
00010001
11
11000010
C2
01111110
7E
11100101
E5
10101111
AF
11111111
FF
Questions for Part 3
1) What are some advantages of converting values from binary format to hexadecimal format compared
to converting values from binary format values to octal format? Some advantages of converting values from binary to hexadecimal format compared to others, would be that it is a little quicker and has a shorter conversion table. Also, the hexadecimal values are shorter as well.
2) Why does the binary-to-hexadecimal converter circuit use different display circuitry than the binary-
to decimal display circuit? The binary to hexadecimal converter uses different display circuits because it has smaller output digits compared to the others.
I think my simulation is correct because I followed the directions on the lab sheet. My results are confirmed with my tables for each part. If you don’t receive the correct results, make sure the probes match the binary numbers.
Conclusion:
I learned how to use digital circuits to perform the same calculations that I do by hand. I used my textbook, and the lab sheet, and asked my instructor when I ran into problems. This was an interesting and fun lab once I got past my confusion.
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