Report 2-1

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Florida Atlantic University *

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2049L

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Electrical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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Experiment 2: Resistors in Series and Parallel Connections (1) Pre-lab section: 1) Introduction: Explain the theory behind this experiment in a paragraph between 150 and 250 words . (1.5 points) Suppose you are using external resources; include the reference. It would be best if you had any relevant formulas and explanations of each term. You may use the rich formula tools embedded here. In this experiment we are assembling circuits and breaking them as well as observing how circuit in series formation and parallel formation work differently. We use a DMM to measure their voltage and current and use light bulbs to act as resistors to observe how current and voltage will be affected and how they interact with the resistors. We will also arrange the circuits in different series to observes how that affects the current, as voltage stays the same. The principle of this experiment is putting Ohms law to the test. Ohms law states that while voltage passes through a conductor a current is created that is proportional to the amount of voltage transmitted. When a resistor is present, the current will pass through and be the same, but the voltage will drop as it has to work to get pass the resistor, coming out will less. In this experiment the light bulb “takes up voltage” as it acts as the resistor. The current is tested are various point and with both series to show how when the current is parallel current takes a different pathway, shown by one light bulb being disconnected but not all turning off, which is unlike when the current is in a series fashion, head to tail, and by disconnecting one light build the rest are affected. The voltage drop is measured by the DMM, in which we test by correctly breaking the circuit and a test point. 2) Hypothesis: In an If /Then statement, highlight the purpose of the experiment . (0.5 points) For instance: If two same shape objects with different masses are dropped from the same height, they will hit the ground simultaneously. If the circuit is in a parallel formation, then the measured voltage will be the same throughout each resistor, unlike that of a circuit with connectivity in series. Post-lab section: 3) Discussion: In a paragraph between 100 and 150 words, explain what you learned. What conclusion can you draw from the results of this lab assignment? (2.0 points) What results did you obtain? Compare them to each other, discuss what they tell us about the experiment. Compare the measured/experimental results to the theoretical expectations using the percent error, discuss what they tell us about the experiment. How do these results confirm the theory? What do these results imply in terms of our expectations? If results are far off, discuss possible sources of error (besides human error), what do the percent error tells us?

From this experiment I learned the difference and how that affects voltage and current of the connectivity of circuits, Series and parallel. For a parallel circuit current changes as it passes through each resistor while voltage stays the same, and for series circuit, voltage changes while current stays he same. We experiment with using different circuity’s in this lab and test how the values change using a DMM. We also see the affect of the resistor has the overall voltage and current. In the lab we observed how the light bulb is brighter in a parallel circuit because it is getting the full power supply, since voltage starts the same, how when one light bulb turns off the other are not affected. We see in tables the difference between the series and parallel circuits, and the theory manual describes how each one is to be set up. 4) Conclusion: In one sentence, compare the results of the experiment with your Hypothesis. Why? (1 point) Explain why the results you obtained either prove or disprove your hypothesis statement The hypothesis I wrote and the results of the experiment are supportive of each other in that we saw how through the parallel circuit having brighter bulbs, that the voltage stays the same in said parallel circuit. 5) Data Analysis: Attach an image of the lab manual pages containing tables with final calculated values, figures, plots, charts and responses to questions here. (11.5 points) This should include: Table 1: Data and Analysis: 1.5 points, Q a: 0.25 points, Q b: 0.25 points, Q c: 0.25 points, Q d: 0.25points Source Voltage V S Cases DMM reading (mA) Current through power supply (mA) Current through each bulb (mA) Observed brightness 5V Fig. 4(a) 220.6 mA 220.6mA 220.6 mA intense Fig. 4(b) 145.37 mA 145.37mA 145.37 mA Slightly bright Fig. 4(c) 115.28 mA 115.28 mA 115.28 mA slim Fig. 4(d) 97.85 mA 97.85 mA 97.85 mA slim Fig. 4(d) but with one light bulb removed 00.00mA 00.00mA 00.00mA none

(a) Put the required current values in the columns #4 and #5 (from the left) of Table 1. (b) Is the current through the power supply and each bulb (in Table 1) increasing or decreasing with increasing the number of bulbs from Fig. 4 (a) to Fig. 4 (d)? Why? As we see with our own eyes as more resistors are introduced the power supply decreases, this is due to ohms law. The bulbs need energy to light up so it will be decreased the more bulbs there are. (c) Is there any correlation between the current through each bulb and the observed bulbs’ brightness listed in Table 1? If yes, is the correlation consistent with P IV = = I R 2 ? Power law states that for every change, in this case addition of bulbs, the is a correltion of change in the brightness of the bulbs. The change Is the more bubls there are the more the current decreases, through them. So yes the correlation is consistant with P = IV= I^2R. (d) Are the lights at your home connected in series? Why? No they are not, because when one goes out then everything in the house would, and that is not practical or logical for a home. A power outage will take everything out, but the faulty of one bulb doesn’t affect the other because it a parallel connection not a series circuit. Table 2: Data and Analysis: 1.5 points, Q 1: 0.25+0.25 points, Q 2: 0.25 points, Q 3: 0.25 points Q 4: 0.25 points, Q5: 0.25 points Source Voltage V S Cases DMM reading (mA) Current through power supply (mA) Current through each bulb (mA) Observed brightness 5V Fig. 5(a) 216.3mA 216.3mA 216.3mA intense Fig. 5(b) 426.8mA 426.8mA 213.4mA intense Fig. 5(c) 622.8mA 622.8mA 207.6mA intense Fig. 5(d) 812.4mA 812.4mA 203.1mA intense

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Fig. 5(d) but with one light bulb removed 598.7mA 598.7mA 199.6mA liZle (a) Is the current through the power supply and each bulb (in Table 2) increasing or decreasing with increasing the number of bulbs from Fig. 5 (a) to Fig. 5 (d)? Why? The current flow increases as it correlates with increasing number of bulbs. (b) Is there any correlation between the current through each bulb and observed bulbs’ brightness? Why? Yes, the current of each bulb makes it power to be bright , so as it flows through the brightness depending on the value of the current with be affected. (c) Are the lights at your home connected in parallel? Why? Yes they are, because I can turn just one, and not the other, which I wouldn’t be able to d if it was in a series. The bulbs are individual entities in a parallel series which is ore practical for a home. Also in parallel brightness is more intense. (d) The maximum output current from the DC power supply #1 is 2 A. What is the maximum number of light bulbs (used in this experiment) can be connected in parallel with the DC power supply #1? What will happen if more than 10 such light bulbs are connected in parallel with the DC power supply #1? The answer is 10 bulbs, because that is how much power supply there is for each bulbs to get some kina of brightness, more, bulbs than 10 will divide the power supply too much and thus the bulbs will fail to give of brightness. Table 3: 1.25 point, Data and Analysis: 1.5 points, Q 1: 0.25+0.25 points, Q 2) a, b: 0.25points, Q 3: 0.25 points Source Voltage V S Cases DMM reading (mA) Observed bulbs’ brightness bulb #1 bulb #2 bulb #3 bulb #4 5V All 4 light bulbs are in circuit 134.3mA Slightly bright none none Slightly bright All 4 light bulbs are in circuit 197.29mA intense slight slight intense

10V Light bulb #1 is removed 00.00 mA none none bright none Light bulb #2 is removed 169.11 mA bright none none bright Light bulb #3 is removed 168.22 mA None bright none bright Light bulb #4 is removed 00.00 mA None None none none Table 4: Data and Analysis: 2 points, Q 1: 0.25 points, Q 2(a): 0.25 points, Q 2(b): 0.25 points, Q 3: 0.25 points Source Voltage V S Cases I 1 (mA) I 2 (mA) I 3 (mA) I 4 (mA) 5V All 4 light bulbs are in circuit 134.3mA 67.15mA 67.15 mA 134.3mA 10V All 4 light bulbs are in circuit 197.29mA 98.65mA 98.65mA 197.29mA Light bulb #1 is removed 00.00 mA 00.00mA 00.00mA 00.00 mA Light bulb #2 is removed 169.11 mA 00.00mA 169.11mA 169.11 mA Light bulb #3 is removed 168.22 mA 168.22mA 00.00mA 168.22 mA Light bulb #4 is removed 00.00mA 00.00mA 00.00mA 00.00mA 1. With all 4 bulbs are in circuit (Fig. 6), use the data in Table 4 explain why bulbs #2 and #3 are dimmer at V S = 5 V than at V S = 10 V. 2. Using the measured data of current in Table 3 and the data in Table 4 explain: (a) why bulbs #1 and #4 are brighter than bulbs #2 and #3 at both V S = 5 V and 10 V when all the 4 bulbs are in circuit; from experiment 1 we know that current and voltage are very connected, in that it is a linear relationship, the higher the current the higher the voltage. Through ohms law we can say that the bulb will be brighter when more power is given, and it is due to having more voltage tghus more current avaible. We see evident for this with bublbs 2 and 3 , less bright at 5V and more at 10V. (b) why bulbs #3 becomes as bright as bulb #1 and #4 after bulb #2 is removed (all other bulbs are remained in the circuit). Taking away bulb 2 makes more current flow to the other bulb, being bulb 3. A resistor in the circit becomes less so there is less holding back current. 3. Can the lights at your home be connected using the circuit in Fig. 6? Why?

Figure 6 shows a series circuit, which is a horrible idea for a home because when you go turn one light on the rest also turn on, there is no individuality , not like in a Parallel circuit which is used for homes, because what you do to one light doesn’t affect the rest of the circuit. 6) Calculations: Attach an image all your calculation pages here . (1 point) Table 2: Current through each bulb: 0.5 points, Table 4: I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 : 1 point Calculation pages must include the following: i. Label calculations for each table. ii. Write out formulas before plugging in measured values. iii. Values plugged into the formulas must contain units and proper number of significant figures (units must be written out throughout calculations). iv. Final calculated values recorded in tables and calculation pages must contain units and proper number of significant figures. All work for calculations must be shown to receive credit for data analysis. 7) End of Experiment Questions: Attach an image of the lab manual pages containing your responses to the end of experiment questions here. (0.5 points) Question 1 : 0.5 point Lab reports must be written individually by each student from beginning to end. No credit will be given for copied work.

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