Lab 4
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ECE 311: Electronic Circuits 1 (Fall 2017)
Lab 4 : BJTs Part II
By
Kayleigh James (UMID: 81519321)
November 21st, 2017
Fall 2017
Honor Code:
I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this graded report.
X_____________________________________________________________________
Abstract
In this lab, we aim to study the characteristics of the common-emitter amplifier and emitter follower amplifier. We will collect data in order to calculate voltage gain, input impedance, and output impedance and analyze these quantities. We will study these characteristics through a software and hardware section of the lab. We should see similar results between the software and hardware experiments in the lab. Introduction and Background
This lab’s purpose is to gain a better understanding of characteristics for both the common-
emitter amplifier and the common-collector amplifier. We will do this by building these circuits in PSpice and then taking measurements from the output waveforms. We will use these measurements in order to calculate several characteristics. We hope to confirm these results in the hardware portion of the lab. This lab requires knowledge of BJT’s from lecture, KVL/KCL for basic circuit analysis, and Ohm’s Law in order to derive the equations for the amplifier characteristic table. Pre-Lab Questions and Answers
1.
Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit
2. In this configuration, both the signal source and the load share the emitter lead as a common connection point. Two resistors are used to create a voltage divider for the base. This means
that the voltage at the base is always lower than the voltage supplied by the source. In this configuration there is high voltage and current gain and a moderate level of input and output impedance. 3. Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
.
4. This circuit is called the common-collector configuration because (ignoring the power supply battery) both the signal source and the load share the collector lead as a common connection point. It is also referred to as the emitter follower. The voltage gain of this circuit is typically around 1, whereas there is a high current gain. There is high input impedance, but the output impedance is relatively low. Simulation
Part I: Common-Emitter Amplifier
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Figure 1: Schematic for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit w/ C2 and RL
Figure 2: Schematic for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit w/o C2 and RL
Figure 3: Vg waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration
Figure 4: Vi waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration
Figure 5: Vo1 Waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration
Figure 6: Vo2 Waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration
Vg (peak)
30 mV
Vi (peak)
14.406 mV
Vo1 (peak)
1.3124 V Vo2 (peak)
7.4518 V
Figure 7: Measurement Table for the Common-Emitter Amplifier (measured from graphs using the trace tool)
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Parameter Description
Equation
Result
Ii
Input Current
(Vg - Vi) / Rs
4.725 uA
Io
Output Current
Vo1 / RL
0.193 mA
Ri
Input Resistance
R2 // R1 // Rpi
Rpi = 2.5k
1.93 kΩ
Ro
Output Resistance
Rc
5.6 kΩ
Avo
Voltage Gain (no
load)
Vo2/Vi
-517.27 V/V
Av
Voltage Gain (with
load)
Vo1/Vi
-91.101 V/V
Ai
Current Gain
Io/Ii
-40.847 A/A
Ap
Power Gain
Av * Ai
3721.16 W/W
Figure 8: Characteristics for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit
Bonus Questions: ●
Avo is negative
because Vi waveform is out of phase with the Vo2 waveform.
●
Av is also negative
because Vi waveform is out of phase with the Vo1 waveform.
●
Ai is negative
because Io is negative since Vo1 is out of phase. ●
Ap is positive
because Av and Ai are multiplied together to calculate it and they are both negative values.
Part II: Common-Collector Amplifier
Figure 9: Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit w/ C6 and RL
Figure 10: Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit w/o C6 and RL
Figure 11: Vg Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
Figure 12: Vi Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
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Figure 13: Vo1 Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
Figure 14: Vo2 Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
Vg (peak)
30 mV
Vi (peak)
14.128 mV
Vo1 (peak)
13.896 mV
Vo2 (peak)
7.1213 V
Figure 15: Measurement Table for the Common-Collector Amplifier (measured from graphs using the trace tool)
Parameter Description
Equation
Result
Ii
Input Current
(Vg - Vi) / Rg
0.338 uA
Io
Output Current
Vo1 / RL
2.044 uA
Ri
Input Resistance
Rpi + (1+B)(Re // R1)
Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100
101.7 kΩ
Ro
Output Resistance
Re//(Rg//R1 +
Rpi)/(1+B)
Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100
0.218 kΩ
Avo
Voltage Gain (no
load)
Vo2/Vi
504 V/V
Av
Voltage Gain (with
load)
Vo1/Vi
0.984 V/V
Ai
Current Gain
Io/Ii
6.047 A/A
Ap
Power Gain
Av * Ai
5.951 W/W
Figure 16: Characteristics for the Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
Bonus Small Signal Models:
Hardware
Part I: Common-Emitter Amplifier
Vg (peak)
31.4 mV
Vi (peak)
16.4 mV
Vo1 (peak)
1.07 V (out of phase)
Vo2 (peak)
7.36 V (out of phase)
Figure 17: Measurement Table for the Common-Emitter Amplifier
Parameter Description
Equation
Result
Ii
Input Current
(Vg - Vi) / Rs
4.69 uA
Io
Output Current
Vo1 / RL
0.159 mA
Ri
Input Resistance
R2 // R1 // Rpi
Rpi = 2.5k
1.924 kΩ
Ro
Output Resistance
Rc
5.591 kΩ
Avo
Voltage Gain (no
load)
Vo2/Vi
-448.8 V/V
Av
Voltage Gain (with
load)
Vo1/Vi
-65.24 V/V
Ai
Current Gain
Io/Ii
-33.9 A/A
Ap
Power Gain
Av * Ai
2211.8 W/W
Figure 18: Characteristics for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit
Part II: Common-Collector Amplifier
Vg (peak)
29.7 mV
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Vi (peak)
14.3 mV
Vo1 (peak)
14.2 mV
Vo2 (peak)
6.97 V
Figure 19: Measurement Table for the Common-Collector Amplifier
Parameter Description
Equation
Result
Ii
Input Current
(Vg - Vi) / Rg
0.328 uA
Io
Output Current
Vo1 / RL
2.088 uA
Ri
Input Resistance
Rpi + (1+B)(Re // R1)
Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100
99.83 kΩ
Ro
Output Resistance
Re//(Rg//R1 +
Rpi)/(1+B)
Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100
0.212 kΩ
Avo
Voltage Gain (no
load)
Vo2/Vi
487.4 V/V
Av
Voltage Gain (with
load)
Vo1/Vi
0.993 V/V
Ai
Current Gain
Io/Ii
6.37 A/A
Ap
Power Gain
Av * Ai
6.321 W/W
Figure 20: Characteristics for the Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
Discussion of Results
For the Common-Emitter circuit we calculated very similar results for both the software and hardware portions. The input current was slightly lower in the hardware portion and therefore the output current was also lower as a result. The voltage and current gains were both slightly smaller in the hardware portion than in the software portion. The largest difference in characteristic was power gain. In the software portion, power gain was calculated to be 3721.16
W/W whereas the hardware power gain was 2211.8 W/W. This is because it is the result of two gains multiplied together which exacerbates the small differences. For the Common-Collector circuit the largest discrepancy was between the voltage gain with the load removed. For the hardware portion, we calculated Avo to be 448.8 V/V. In the software portion we had calculated it to be 517.27 V/V. However, with the load in the circuit the voltage gain in both portions was very close to 1 as expected. Conclusion
Out of all of the labs in this class so far, this was the most difficult lab. The circuits were very complex for the hardware implementation. It was difficult to get good readings in the hardware portion since the circuit was very sensitive and temperamental. I think this was due to the very small input voltage we used. Since we had difficulties measuring Ib, we assumed Rpi to be 2.5kΩ and β was also assumed to be 100. There were a few minor differences in the characteristic table. However, we still concluded that the hardware portion of the lab confirmed our results for the software portion. Through completion of this lab, we learned that the common-emitter amplifier amplifies the voltage and is out of phase so the gain is negative. We also learned that the common-collector amplifier amplifies the voltage but produces a voltage curve that is in phase with the voltage source. References
1.
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-4/common-collector-
amplifier/
2.
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-4/common-emitter-
amplifier/
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