Lab 4

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University of Michigan, Dearborn *

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ECE 311

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Electrical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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ECE 311: Electronic Circuits 1 (Fall 2017) Lab 4 : BJTs Part II By Kayleigh James (UMID: 81519321) November 21st, 2017 Fall 2017 Honor Code: I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this graded report. X_____________________________________________________________________
Abstract In this lab, we aim to study the characteristics of the common-emitter amplifier and emitter follower amplifier. We will collect data in order to calculate voltage gain, input impedance, and output impedance and analyze these quantities. We will study these characteristics through a software and hardware section of the lab. We should see similar results between the software and hardware experiments in the lab. Introduction and Background This lab’s purpose is to gain a better understanding of characteristics for both the common- emitter amplifier and the common-collector amplifier. We will do this by building these circuits in PSpice and then taking measurements from the output waveforms. We will use these measurements in order to calculate several characteristics. We hope to confirm these results in the hardware portion of the lab. This lab requires knowledge of BJT’s from lecture, KVL/KCL for basic circuit analysis, and Ohm’s Law in order to derive the equations for the amplifier characteristic table. Pre-Lab Questions and Answers 1. Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit 2. In this configuration, both the signal source and the load share the emitter lead as a common connection point. Two resistors are used to create a voltage divider for the base. This means
that the voltage at the base is always lower than the voltage supplied by the source. In this configuration there is high voltage and current gain and a moderate level of input and output impedance. 3. Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit . 4. This circuit is called the common-collector configuration because (ignoring the power supply battery) both the signal source and the load share the collector lead as a common connection point. It is also referred to as the emitter follower. The voltage gain of this circuit is typically around 1, whereas there is a high current gain. There is high input impedance, but the output impedance is relatively low. Simulation Part I: Common-Emitter Amplifier
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Figure 1: Schematic for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit w/ C2 and RL Figure 2: Schematic for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit w/o C2 and RL
Figure 3: Vg waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration Figure 4: Vi waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration
Figure 5: Vo1 Waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration Figure 6: Vo2 Waveform for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Configuration Vg (peak) 30 mV Vi (peak) 14.406 mV Vo1 (peak) 1.3124 V Vo2 (peak) 7.4518 V Figure 7: Measurement Table for the Common-Emitter Amplifier (measured from graphs using the trace tool)
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Parameter Description Equation Result Ii Input Current (Vg - Vi) / Rs 4.725 uA Io Output Current Vo1 / RL 0.193 mA Ri Input Resistance R2 // R1 // Rpi Rpi = 2.5k 1.93 kΩ Ro Output Resistance Rc 5.6 kΩ Avo Voltage Gain (no load) Vo2/Vi -517.27 V/V Av Voltage Gain (with load) Vo1/Vi -91.101 V/V Ai Current Gain Io/Ii -40.847 A/A Ap Power Gain Av * Ai 3721.16 W/W Figure 8: Characteristics for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit Bonus Questions: Avo is negative because Vi waveform is out of phase with the Vo2 waveform. Av is also negative because Vi waveform is out of phase with the Vo1 waveform. Ai is negative because Io is negative since Vo1 is out of phase. Ap is positive because Av and Ai are multiplied together to calculate it and they are both negative values. Part II: Common-Collector Amplifier
Figure 9: Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit w/ C6 and RL Figure 10: Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit w/o C6 and RL
Figure 11: Vg Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit Figure 12: Vi Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit
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Figure 13: Vo1 Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit Figure 14: Vo2 Waveform for Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit Vg (peak) 30 mV Vi (peak) 14.128 mV Vo1 (peak) 13.896 mV Vo2 (peak) 7.1213 V Figure 15: Measurement Table for the Common-Collector Amplifier (measured from graphs using the trace tool)
Parameter Description Equation Result Ii Input Current (Vg - Vi) / Rg 0.338 uA Io Output Current Vo1 / RL 2.044 uA Ri Input Resistance Rpi + (1+B)(Re // R1) Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100 101.7 kΩ Ro Output Resistance Re//(Rg//R1 + Rpi)/(1+B) Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100 0.218 kΩ Avo Voltage Gain (no load) Vo2/Vi 504 V/V Av Voltage Gain (with load) Vo1/Vi 0.984 V/V Ai Current Gain Io/Ii 6.047 A/A Ap Power Gain Av * Ai 5.951 W/W Figure 16: Characteristics for the Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit Bonus Small Signal Models: Hardware Part I: Common-Emitter Amplifier
Vg (peak) 31.4 mV Vi (peak) 16.4 mV Vo1 (peak) 1.07 V (out of phase) Vo2 (peak) 7.36 V (out of phase) Figure 17: Measurement Table for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Parameter Description Equation Result Ii Input Current (Vg - Vi) / Rs 4.69 uA Io Output Current Vo1 / RL 0.159 mA Ri Input Resistance R2 // R1 // Rpi Rpi = 2.5k 1.924 kΩ Ro Output Resistance Rc 5.591 kΩ Avo Voltage Gain (no load) Vo2/Vi -448.8 V/V Av Voltage Gain (with load) Vo1/Vi -65.24 V/V Ai Current Gain Io/Ii -33.9 A/A Ap Power Gain Av * Ai 2211.8 W/W Figure 18: Characteristics for the Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit Part II: Common-Collector Amplifier Vg (peak) 29.7 mV
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Vi (peak) 14.3 mV Vo1 (peak) 14.2 mV Vo2 (peak) 6.97 V Figure 19: Measurement Table for the Common-Collector Amplifier Parameter Description Equation Result Ii Input Current (Vg - Vi) / Rg 0.328 uA Io Output Current Vo1 / RL 2.088 uA Ri Input Resistance Rpi + (1+B)(Re // R1) Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100 99.83 kΩ Ro Output Resistance Re//(Rg//R1 + Rpi)/(1+B) Rpi = 2.5k & B = 100 0.212 kΩ Avo Voltage Gain (no load) Vo2/Vi 487.4 V/V Av Voltage Gain (with load) Vo1/Vi 0.993 V/V Ai Current Gain Io/Ii 6.37 A/A Ap Power Gain Av * Ai 6.321 W/W Figure 20: Characteristics for the Common-Collector Amplifier Circuit Discussion of Results For the Common-Emitter circuit we calculated very similar results for both the software and hardware portions. The input current was slightly lower in the hardware portion and therefore the output current was also lower as a result. The voltage and current gains were both slightly smaller in the hardware portion than in the software portion. The largest difference in characteristic was power gain. In the software portion, power gain was calculated to be 3721.16
W/W whereas the hardware power gain was 2211.8 W/W. This is because it is the result of two gains multiplied together which exacerbates the small differences. For the Common-Collector circuit the largest discrepancy was between the voltage gain with the load removed. For the hardware portion, we calculated Avo to be 448.8 V/V. In the software portion we had calculated it to be 517.27 V/V. However, with the load in the circuit the voltage gain in both portions was very close to 1 as expected. Conclusion Out of all of the labs in this class so far, this was the most difficult lab. The circuits were very complex for the hardware implementation. It was difficult to get good readings in the hardware portion since the circuit was very sensitive and temperamental. I think this was due to the very small input voltage we used. Since we had difficulties measuring Ib, we assumed Rpi to be 2.5kΩ and β was also assumed to be 100. There were a few minor differences in the characteristic table. However, we still concluded that the hardware portion of the lab confirmed our results for the software portion. Through completion of this lab, we learned that the common-emitter amplifier amplifies the voltage and is out of phase so the gain is negative. We also learned that the common-collector amplifier amplifies the voltage but produces a voltage curve that is in phase with the voltage source. References 1. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-4/common-collector- amplifier/ 2. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-4/common-emitter- amplifier/