ECS 4580 Trade and Multinational Enterprises

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Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology *

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Free Trade 1 The Topic of Course Work: The Benefits and Costs of Free Trade, And Its Validity after the COVID-19 Pandemic Era Module Title: Trade and Multinational Enterprises Module Code: ECS 4580 Academic Year: 2022- 2023 Student Name: Word Count: 2159 Cohort:

Free Trade 2 Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 3 Analysis and Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 4 Supply Chain ................................................................................................................................. 4 On consumption behaviors and demand for some new Commodities and services ....................... 5 Restrictions on the Export of Food Products ................................................................................. 6 FDI ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Exportation and Importation .......................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..7 References……………………………………………………………………………………..9

Free Trade 3 Introduction The economic and health distractions caused by COVID-19 emphasise the urgency of internationalism as well as unity, but it backfires to bring nations together during a global crisis (Richter, 2021). COVID-19 has heightened divides and conflicts, particularly in world economic affairs. The significance of free trade in protecting individuals and their livelihoods during the disease outbreak could be mitigated, and global partnerships are essential for maintaining trade operations. There are three distinct trends: First, the disaster has accelerated technological development, particularly in the fields of digitisation, automation, and robotisation (Romei, 2020). Second, world economic policies are fragmenting, with a transition away from internationalism and towards bilateral ties and nationalism, and also enhanced unilateralism. It is worsening strains and creating a much more structured and polarised global economy (Xiao and Fan 2020). Third, the global epidemic has underlined the significance of global corporations reconsidering their global supply chains, with outsourcing services and sourcing transactions being considered. According to Bell and Lawless (2021), industrialisation integrates both domestic and international marketplaces into a global structure through various networks, largely value to its customers and connections with producers (Kano et. al. 2020). As a matter of fact of such trends, the entire value chain transactions have been interrupted, and FDI has already decreased. The COVID-19 disaster, both by itself and in combination with other improvements, is a major hindrance to trade, but a legitimate economic recovery worldwide would require free and robust global markets. Furthermore, policymakers, according to Romei and Strauss (2021), should stay focused on reducing tariffs, enhancing the supply chain, and improving infrastructure. Literature Review The COVID-19 pandemic's risks include reduced availability of healthcare items (particularly personal safety gear and tests), financial and tax deficits, and more governmental restrictions on trade around the world because of medical issues. Nevertheless, according to Shingal (2020), the global epidemic has offered some short-term benefits. Nations could encounter extreme pressure to further liberalise trade policies in order to boost the economy, and several health implications must be taken into account when creating trade policies (Barlow et al. 2021). The COVID-19 disease has serious implications for free trade, resulting in systemic alterations to the economic globalisation framework. The COVID-19 global epidemic could hasten interior patterns and allow for more open competition for international economic and political dominance (Gruszczynski 2020). Meninno investigated boundary closure as a way to prevent the transmission of COVID-19, along with a few of the prospective economic

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Free Trade 4 implications; as a result, travel bans could be placed in the circumstance of a risk to the public's health (Meninno and Wolff, 2021). Unnecessary double procurement from various countries reduces the dependency on China, however, it's more expensive. Whereas lawmakers are compelling companies to reconsider their supply chain practices, it is simpler to practically interrupt all industrial production sectors, (Baldwin and Freeman 2021). According to Baldwin and Freeman (2021), free trade policies can aid in the prevention of epidemics and the recovery of the global economy. Consumers have made attempts at developing electronic and moderate activities because of the restrictions, such as video chats, online streaming, online fitness, and curbside pickup (Arora et al., 2021). Governments could move towards a modern economy, such as e-worship, e-transactions, e-learning, and e- conferencing which will change individual interconnection (Marshal et. al. 2021). New guidelines and practices concerning how consumers buy and request goods and services are anticipated to alter them and establish a new method of coping with regular work and leisure (Sheth 2020). According to Mehta et. al. (2020), a global epidemic would cause a radical shift away from customer consumerism and toward customer spiritualism. In addition, the tourism industry should restructure and upgrade the next economic system (Donthu and Gustafsson 2020). Analysis and Discussion Supply Chain As a consequence of the financial crisis, international supply chains have encountered significant challenges. Numerous international shutdowns affect to suppress if not fully stopped, raw materials and final product delivery, exacerbating the manufacturing sectors struggle (Seric et. al. 2020). Nevertheless, the global epidemic has adversely affected and worsened pre-existing difficulties in the supply chain (Harapko, 2021). It emphasises the importance of an electronic supply chain in aiding companies in stabilising competitive challenges and responding more efficiently to supply and the nature of the market, even in uncertain global economic settings. Artificial intelligence (AI) is used by companies to arrive at prescriptive and predictive judgments across the entire supply chain (Kilpatrick and Barter, 2020). For instance, increased investment in technology for supply chains, such as staff retraining, automatic process control, and also artificial intelligence. Also a greater supply chain visibility, and, as more resilience is established, supply chain reliability will remain a top prime concern. The collection of information is critical when managing hundreds of thousands of suppliers (Lund et al., 2021). The industry has already moved away from linear supply chains and towards more integrated systems that link many participants. The global

Free Trade 5 epidemic has changed. The disease outbreak has expedited technological change, distribution by drones, as well as an automated supply chain in stores and warehouses (Gya et al. 2021). Simply, linked supply chain technology is needed for logistics, sourcing, planning, and manufacturing. Ultimately, advanced and automatic technologies would aid in making persons' work easier as well as increasing supply chain efficiency and profitability. On consumption behaviors and demand for some new Commodities and services As a result of the global epidemic and exacerbating need for healthcare equipment, numerous nations have imposed trade limits on some health equipment, treatment, or medical materials needed to fight the COVID-19 illness, with as many as 54 nations that adopted export restraints, as per International Trade Warning. For instance, the European Commission promulgated regulations that forbid the distribution of these protective gear to non-EU nations, regardless of whether it emerged in the EU (Evenett 2021). Paradoxically, the Commission clearly states in a Direction Memorandum that exports cannot be further restricted than they currently are and that the EU remains dedicated to the concept of global union (Emerson et.al. 2020). In contrast, the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee in the United States has urged the administration to scrap trade constraints but instead, converse with other nations. Meanwhile, the US has taken measures to have those constraints removed. To summarise, the US has explicitly excluded from Section 301 obligations some Chinese health/medical products which were particularly utilised to cure COVID-19 or comprise the outbreak (Shalal 2020). This disaster has highlighted a lengthy weak point in the medical products distribution chain. Miller et al. (2021) reported that worldwide deficits in medication products, as well as increased premiums, the pervasiveness of dubious vendors, and extreme attempts by states, charitable work, and manufacturers in counterproductive efforts to get solutions, prompted the global spread of the disease, and protective gear shortages have put at risk the medical staff. Problems in medical supplies jeopardise the objective of delivering outstanding diagnoses to the right client at the appropriate moment, which could exacerbate prevalent imbalances, which have existed for decades (Nychay et. al. 2021). The COVID-19 epidemic has validated the significance of tackling such systemic risks in particular. This could also indicate that innovative approaches have become more viable. Robust procurement methods provide remedies such as sourcing from different suppliers, protecting domestic supply, and maintaining stock.

Free Trade 6 Restrictions on the export of Food Products Multiple nations have recently imposed a ban on the export of certain farm products, in addition to limiting exportation restrictions on COVID-19-required commodities. Russia, for instance, proposed caps on grain export markets at the World economic forum digital summit (IHS, 2020). In comparison, the World Health Organization prompted legislators to minimise border restrictions, notifying them that "unpredictability concerns in the supply chain for food will cause global food shortages." Considering the situation with world food production (January 2020-January2021), export restrictions are unnecessary and may adversely affect the food security of exporters and importers. The global epidemic has influenced our food purchasing and dietary habits. In regard to the international food chain, Covid-19 has led to rising food prices and a relatively narrow choice of products that customers purchase. Rising prices could raise the number of individuals who are vulnerable to food insecurity for a wide range of effects. First, if there is more global struggle for food. One of the advantages that come with localisaton is that production moves to a cost-effective location with more local substances, whereas the only means of marketing is online or domestically (OECD 2020). It is affecting a substantial change in the way individuals benefit and buy food. Moreover, the food production society has already been capable of satisfying the substantial market demand. Nevertheless, some producers could well have discontinued operations due to inadequate financial support and lower tax rates after everything improved (Cox 2021). But since rising costs are influenced by native food suppliers rather than the food chain. FDI Nations across the globe have implemented policies that have halted certain sectors as well as constrained transportation and movement. These regulations have severely harmed the industrial production and FDI segments. International foreign direct investment (FDI) flows dropped by 49% in comparison to 2019 (Unctad 2020). The United Nations Conference on Development and Tade forecasted a massive decline in FDI as a result of the disaster. International FDI flows are expected to fall by 5% to 10% in 2021 prior to actually rebounding in 2022 (Unctad, 2020). In the wake of the crisis, prevailing infrastructure programs have decelerated, new developments have been re-evaluated, and legislators have imposed new investment restrictions. The benefit of having the ability to transact for cash instead of depending on unproductive aid schemes susceptible to fraud and corruption for underdeveloped nations is that their gains are more instant in their private industries. International trade allows their local economies to grow and generate additional employment opportunities for locals. This represents a major boost for foreign investors and individuals

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Free Trade 7 of developing nations that have received decades of international assistance. As a consequence of this transformation, the major effect of free trade for industrialised nations is growth in FDI (IMF, 2021). Nevertheless, the invasion and spread of the COVID-19 disease could have a disastrous impact on the world's economy. International trade can be a controversial political issue both within and between nations. Exportation and Importation Reductions in economic growth and domestic consumption have led to a decline in customer demands, which has had an immediate and significant effect on industrial production and international trade. Initiatives including trade restrictions and shutdown programs have also impacted international operations in the supply chain. Many enterprises halted or lowered production, restricting demand for raw materials and influencing supply (HC, 2020). Moreover, customs checks and restrictions on certain products affected the capacity for exporting goods. Several countries responded to the global epidemic arbitrarily, without a preceding global discussion. In the long run, COVID-19 could result in a move towards protectionist policies, and barriers to trade policies that restrict global competition are costly to clients. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has compelled its delegates to take extreme precautions when enforcing trade restrictions as well as other initiatives that may disrupt distribution networks, and to enhance transparency on all prospective trade-related policies adopted as a consequence of the COVID-19 disease (Wto, 2021). Expelling market barriers that limit entrance and competitive forces, like tariffs and quotas, must be considered when developing regulations. Furthermore, online shopping and e-commerce have become extremely relevant for several industries. According to Emarsys and Good data, e-commerce earnings in Europe rose by 73% in April 2020 when compared with the preceding year, whereas online shopping sales rose by 65%. (Cernat, 2021). If social distancing has become the latest trend, businesses will need appropriate techniques to make sure their products could be sold and marketed globally without face-to-face interaction. Conclusions Free trade policies foster marketable vibrancy in communities, as well as freedom, incentive, and consistency that support all individuals. It has the opportunity to help developing countries in maintaining their development path. The invasion and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic would be disastrous for the international economy. Nations across the globe have implemented policies that have prevented the operation of businesses and also restricted transportation and movement patterns. Industrial production, investment, FDI, and

Free Trade 8 foreign trade have all dropped drastically because of these initiatives. Tariffs imposed unilaterally, and the revocation of foreign and mutual trade treaties, are cases of strict and unfair trade practices. As a consequence of the disease outbreak, international trade is shifting at an astonishing rate to digital environments. This could necessitate a change in the conventional methods of modelling their behaviour patterns. Furthermore, nations should take advantage of the opportunity to articulate the advantages that trade provides to enhance foreign trade through any available means, such as joining global trade forums such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). But rather, whereas history proves that free trade would be accompanied by difficulties in which creativity and human imagination are going to provide the cure, it also provides people with unprecedented chances at financial liberation and economic success.

Free Trade 9 References Ahdb, (2020). ‘China resumes economic activity AHDB’. Ahdb.org.uk. Available [Online] at: https://ahdb.org.uk/news/china-resumes-economic-activity [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Arora, N., Charm, T., Grimmelt, A., Ortega, M., Robinson, K., Sexauer, C., Staack, Y., Whitehead, S. and Yamakawa, N., (2021). A global view of how consumer behaviour is changing amid COVID-19.mckinsey. Available[online] at: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Marketing%20and %20Sales/Our%20Insights/A%20global%20view%20of%20how%20consumer%20behavior %20is%20changing%20amid%20COVID%2019/20200707/covid-19-global-consumer- sentiment-20200707.pdf [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Baldwin, R. and Freeman, R., (2021). ‘Trade conflict in the age of Covid-19 VOX, CEPR Policy Portal’. Voxeu. Org . Available [Online] at: https://voxeu.org/article/trade-conflict-age-covid- 19 (Accessed 12 th April 2021) Barlow, P., van Schalkwyk, M., McKee, M., Labonté, R. and Stuckler, D., (2021). ‘COVID-19 and the collapse of global trade: building an effective public health response’. The Lancet Planetary Health , 5(2), pp.e102-e107. Available [Online] at: DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196 (20)30291-6 Bell, D. and Lawless, K., (2021). ‘How free trade can accelerate Africa's COVID-19 recovery’. Available [Online] at: https://www.ey.com/en_gl/public-policy/how-free-trade-can- accelerate-africas-covid-19-recovery [Accessed 10 April 2021]. Cernat, L., (2021). ‘Trade policy reflections beyond the COVID-19 outbreak’. [Online] Trade.ec.europa.eu. Available [Online] at: at: https://zbook.org/read/fe89a_trade- policy-reflections-beyond-the-covid19-outbreak.html [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Cox, S., 2021. Will Covid-19 lead to long-term food shortages and price rises? BBC Food. Available [Online] at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/articles/food_security

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Free Trade 10 [Accessed 12 April 2023] Donthu, N. and Gustafsson, A., (2020). ‘Effects of COVID-19 on business and research’. Journal of Business Research , 117, pp.284-289.Avaible [Online] at: doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008 [Accessed 12 April 2023] Emerson, C., Mattoo, A. and Mikic, M., (2021). ‘The COVID-19 economy: does it mean the end of globalization?’ World Economic Forum . Available [Online] at: https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/globalisation-not-localisation-key-post-pandemic [Accessed 12th April 2023]. Emerson, E., O'Sullivan, D., Hirsbrunner, S., Weiss, J., Cao, H., Bao, Y. and Nelson, J.,(2020). ‘What You Need to Know About the Impact of COVID-19 on International Trade’. Steptoe & Johnson LLP . Available [Online] at: https://www.steptoe.com/en/news-publications/what- you-need-to-know-about-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-international-trade.html [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Evenett, S., 2021. ‘HAS THE EU OPENED PANDORA'S BOX?’ E xport Controls on COVID-19 Vaccines.Globaltradealert.org . Available [Online] at: https://www.google.com/search? q=Evenett%2C+S.%2C+2021.+%E2%80%98HAS+THE+EU+OPENED+PANDORA %27S+BOX%3F%E2%80%99+Export+Controls+on+COVID- 19+Vaccines.Globaltradealert.org.&rlz=1C1AVUC_enKE923KE962&oq=Evenett%2C+S. %2C+2021.+%E2%80%98HAS+THE+EU+OPENED+PANDORA%27S+BOX%3F %E2%80%99+Export+Controls+on+COVID- 19+Vaccines.Globaltradealert.org.&aqs=chrome..69i57.1794j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UT F- 8 [Accessed 12 April 2023]. . Available [Online] at : Gruszczynski, L., (2020). ‘The COVID-19 Pandemic and International Trade: Temporary Turbulence or Paradigm Shift?’ European Journal of Risk Regulation , 11(2), pp.337-342. Available [Online] at : https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-

Free Trade 11 regulation/article/covid19-pandemic-and-international-trade-temporary-turbulence-or- paradigm-shift/8C76595B1E954E601EAF91F0E6C23492 Gya, R., Lago, C., Becker, M., Junghanns, J., Petit, J., Perea, L., Schneider-Maul, R.,Dahlmeier, S., Kumar, V., Penka, A., Buvat, J., KVJ, S., Nambiar, R. and Puttur, R., (2021).’Rethinking supply chain resilience for a post-COVID-19 world’. Capgemini.com . Available [Online] at: https://www.capgemini.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Fast-forward_Report.pdf [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Harapko, S., (2021). ‘How COVID-19 impacted supply chains and what comes next’. Available [Online] at: https://www.ey.com/en_sk/supply-chain/how-covid-19-impacted-supply-chains- and-what-comes-next [Accessed 12 April 2023]. HC, (2020). ‘The COVID-19 pandemic and international trade’. Committees.parliament.uk. Available at: https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/2177/documents/20125/default/ [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Icaew, (2021). ‘Economic recovery will not make up lost ground’. Icaew.com . Available [Online] at: https://www.icaew.com/insights/covid-19-global-recovery/coronavirus-global-outlook-after- the-outbreak/economic-recovery-will-not-make-up-lost-ground [Accessed 12 April 2023]. IHS, (2020). Article: ‘Russia steps up efforts to maintain food security amid Covid-19’. IHS Market . Available [Online] at: https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/russia-steps-up-efforts-amid- Covid-19.html . [Accessed 12 April 2023]. IMF, (2021). ‘Policy Responses to COVID-19’. IMF . Available [Online] at: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19 [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Kano, L., Tsang, E. and Yeung, H., (2020). ‘Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature’. Journal of International Business Studies , 51(4), pp.577-622. Available [Online] at:

Free Trade 12 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41267-020-00304-2 Kilpatrick, J. and Barter, L., (2020). ‘COVID-19 Managing supply chain risk and disruption’. Top1000funds.com . Available [Online] at: https://www.top1000funds.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Managing-supply-chain-risk-and- disruption.pdf [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Lund, S., Manyika, J., Woetzel, J., Barriball, E., Krishnan, M., Alicke, K., Birshan, M.,George, K., Smit, S., Swan, D. and Hutzler, K., (2021). ‘Risk, resilience, and rebalancing inglobal value chains’. McKinsey . Available [Online] at: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/risk-resilience-and- rebalancing-in-global-value-chains > [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Marshal, I., Kocha, C. and Oriakpono, A., (2021). ‘(PDF) COVID-19 PANDEMIC, GLOBALTRADE WARS AND IMPACT ON THE NIGERIA ECONOMY’ . ResearchGate. Available [Online] at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342000276_COVID- 19_PANDEMIC_GLOBAL_TRADE_WARS_AND_IMPACT_ON_THE_NIGERIA_ECON OMY [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Mehta, S., Saxena, T. and Purohit, N., (2020). ‘The New Consumer Behaviour Paradigmamid COVID-19: Permanent or Transient?’ Journal of Health Management , 22(2), pp. 291-301. Available [Online] at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063420940834 Meninno, R. and Wolff, G., (2021). ‘As the Coronavirus spreads, can the EU afford to close its borders? Bruegel’. Bruegel.org . Available [Online] at: https://www.bruegel.org/2020/02/as-the-coronavirus-spreads-can-the-eu-afford-to-close-its-borders/ >

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Free Trade 13 [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Miller, F., Young, S., Dobrow, M. and Shojania, K., (2021). ‘Vulnerability of the medical product supply chain: the wake-up call of COVID-19’. Quality safety . Available [Online] at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2020-012133 [Accessed 12 April 2023] Nychay, N., Engelen, L. and Fressynet, I., (2021).’ European Commission guidance provision of humanitarian aid to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela’. Dentons.com . Available [Online] at: https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/alerts/2020/october/16/ec-guidance-on-provision-of- humanitarian-aid-to-fight-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-venezuela [Accessed 12 April 2023]. OECD, (2020). ‘COVID-19 and international trade: Issues and actions’. OECD . Available [Online] at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and- international-trade-issues-and-actions-494da2fa/ [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Richter, F., (2021). ‘The COVID-19 economy: does it mean the end of globalization?’ World Economic Forum. Available [Online] at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/globalisation-covid19-gdp-drop-2008-financial-crisis [Accessed 12 April 2021]. Romei, V., (2020). ‘Pandemic boosts automation and robotics’ . Ft.com . Available [Online] at: https://www.ft.com/content/358f6454-e9fd-47f3-a4b7-5f844668817f [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Romei, V. and Strauss, D., (2021). ‘UK economists' survey: recovery will be slower than in peer countries | Financial Times’. Ft.com. Available [Online] at: https://www.ft.com/content/21abdaf0-b3b6-4cf9-93f2-007fc1b1b1c8 [Accessed 12 April 2023].

Free Trade 14 Seric, A., Görg, H., Mösle, S. and Windisch, M., (2020). ‘How the pandemic disrupts global value chains | Industrial Analytics Platform’. Industrial AnalyticsPlatform . Available [Online] at: https://iap.unido.org/articles/how-pandemic-disrupts-global-value-chains [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Shalal, A., (2020). ‘U.S. should refrain from export controls in pandemic response: Chamber of Commerce’. Reuters. Available [Online] at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-business/u-s-should-refrain-from-export- controls-in-pandemic-response-chamber-of-commerce-idUSKBN21C3OM [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Sheth, J., (2020). ‘Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behavior: Will the old habits return or die?’ Journal of Business Research , 117, pp.280-283. Available [Online] at: doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.059 [Accessed 12 April 2023] Shingal, A., (2020). ‘Services trade and COVID-19 | VOX, CEPR Policy Portal’. Voxeu.org . Available [Online] at: https://voxeu.org/article/services-trade-and-covid-19 [Accessed 10 April 2021] Sinn, H., (2020). ‘How best to fight the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic’. The Guardian . Available [Online] at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/17/how-best-to-fight-the-economic-impact-of-the- coronavirus-pandemic [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Unctad, (2020). ‘A new take on trade | UNCTAD’. Unctad.org . Available [Online] at: https://unctad.org/es/node/29736 [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Unctad, (2020). ‘Chapter 1 - Global Trends and Prospects - World Investment Report’. World Investment Report. Available [Online] at:

Free Trade 15 https://worldinvestmentreport.unctad.org/world-investment-report-2020/ch1-global-trends-and- prospects . [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Unctad, (2020). ‘Global foreign direct investment falls 49% in the first half of 2020 |UNCTAD’ . Unctad.org . Available [Online] at: https://unctad.org/news/global-foreign-direct-investment- falls-49-first-half-2020 [Accessed 12 April 2023]. World Bank, (2020). ‘Food Security and COVID-19’. World Bank . Available [Online] at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-and-covid-19 [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Wto, 2021. WTO | COVID-19: ‘Measures affecting trade in goods’. Wto.org . Available [Online] at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/trade_related_goods_measure_e.htm > [Accessed 12 April 2023]. Xiao, Y. and Fan, Z., (2020). ‘10 tech trends getting us through the COVID-19 pandemic’. World Economic Forum . Available [Online] at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/10-technology-trends-coronavirus-covid19-pandemic- robotics-telehealth [Accessed 12 April 2023].

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