DePew Assignment 8

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Jan 9, 2024

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(Tavani, 2013) Name: Thomas DePew Date: 12/31/2023 ITMG481 Week 8 Assignment (3% of Grade) APUS/Yocam Lesson 8 Review: Bioethical Issues The purpose of this activity is to reinforce what you have learned so far about bioethical issues. 1. What is “technological convergence” in the context of cybertechnology? (Minimum word count: 60) Howard Rheingold describes technological convergence as a phenomenon that occurs when "apparently unrelated scientific and technological paths" cross or intersect "unexpectedly to create an entirely new field." (Tavani, 2013). It offers increased benefits of products and services by integrating one or more device functionalities into one device. Internet, smartphones, and tablet computers are great examples of technological convergence. For instance, smartphones combine all of the features of a telephone, a radio, a camera, a music player, a clock, etc. 2. Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social issues? (Minimum word count: 60) The reason is that converging technologies diminish human values and increase the values of technologies. For example, automation will increase speed and performance while destroying our jobs and reducing human values. Our textbook states that there are some worries about "loss of freedom, autonomy, and control" (Tavani, 2013) about converging technologies. Technology dependency is another issue with converging technologies. We are so dependent on technology to do our daily activities. One good example is the Ivana Bartoletti case “(Women must act now, or male-designed robots will take over our lives"(Bartoletti, 2018) 3. Describe key aspects of pervasive (or ubiquitous) computing. How is it different from conventional or traditional computing? (Minimum word count: 60) One of the key aspects of pervasive computing is to make most of the objects around us “Smart” such as “toys, milk cartons, and desktops to cars, factories, and whole city areas” (Tavani, 2013), tablets, appliances, wearable devices, and so on. It mainly involves networking technologies, wireless, mobile, RFID, Artificial intelligence, embedded systems, and software. One of the differences is that pervasive computing is "being everywhere," while the traditional computer takes servers or data centers on- premises. Another difference is availability, accessibility, and cost.

4. What is bioinformatics, and how is it different from computational genomics? (Minimum word count: 60) Our textbook defines bioinformatics as “Bioinformatics is a branch of informatics, which involves the acquisition, storage, manipulation, analyses, transmission, sharing, visualization, and simulation of information on a computer” (Tavani, 2013). It is a new field that combines computer science, biology, engineering, statistics, and mathematics “to acquire, store, organize, analyze, synthesize, visualize, and simulate data” (Tavani. 2013). Its primary purpose is to develop methods, and application solutions to study the associated biological data. Unlike bioinformatics, which includes biological, medical health data, computational genomics is limited to genetic information. 5. Identify three kinds of ethical issues associated with bioinformatics. (Minimum word count: 60) The three kinds of ethical issues related to biometrics are personal privacy and confidentiality, property rights, and autonomy issues. Personal privacy and confidentiality issues arise when personal genetic data is aggregated via data mining. Property rights issues arise when genetic data is stored in databases. Autonomy issues arise when transparency of consent is not satisfied. 6. How does the practice of storing personal genetic data in privately owned computer databases raise issues affecting information ownership and property rights? (Minimum word count: 60) Storing personal genetic data in privately owned databases raises privacy issues that affect information ownership and property rights. Our textbook mentions two relevant cases where private database owners can be out of business taking personal genetics with them. The first case is Toysmart.com, which is ceased its online store. Another case is decoded, which filed a bankruptcy. Then it is sold to another commercial company along with its databases. Again, there are some questions, but the solutions are not clear enough. As our book states, "we need laws and policies that explicitly describe the ownership rights of the highly sensitive personal data stored in genetic databases” (Tavani, 2013). 7. What is machine ethics? (Minimum word count: 60) Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson (2011) describe "machine ethics as an interdisciplinary field of research that is primarily concerned with developing ethics for machines" (Tavani, 2013). Put simply, machine ethics is a newly emerging field that is a part of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is mostly concerned with the moral implications and ethical behavior of AI machines. 8. What is nanotechnology? (Minimum word count: 60) Rosalyn Berne (2005) describes nanotechnology as “the study, design, and manipulation of natural phenomena, artificial phenomena, and technological phenomena at the nanometer level” (Tavani, 2013). Nanotechnology can be used in every field we know of from health industries to commercial products to spaceships. It offers new, faster, durable, and smaller devices to technology industrials. For example, nanotechnology, computers, and other electronic devices can be faster, smaller, and cheaper. Like any other technology, nanotechnology has its drawbacks, too, such as security and privacy, health, and environment concerns.

9. What are nanocomputers? (Minimum word count: 60) Nano computers are small computers designed at the nanoscale (Tavani, 2013). According to Ralph Merkle (1997), nanotechnology will allow engineers to build computers that are incredibly powerful in capacity and speed. He further continues that we will have much more power and data in the volume of a sugar cube than exists in the entire world (Tavani, 2013). 10. What kinds of ethical challenges do research in nanotechnology and nanocomputing pose? (Minimum word count: 60) Moor and Weckert (2004) identify three distinct ethical concerns regarding nanotechnology: (1) privacy and control, (2) longevity, and (3) runaway nanobots (Tavani, 2013). First, privacy control issues arise when nanites are implemented with the body and environment, various objects or belongings of users to track them. Second, nanotechnology and nanocomputing could have a significant effect on human life and change life expectancy, speed, and cost (Tavani, 2013). Third, the unpredicted conduct of nanobots may cause severe problems to the public of a given nation, continent, even the world at large.

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Works Cited Bartoletti, I. (2018, March). Womenn must act now, or male-designedrobots will take over our lives . Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/13/women-robots-ai-maleartificial- intelligence-automation Tavani, H. T. (2013). Ethics and Technology:Controversies, Questions, and Strategies for Ethical Computing (4th Ed.) . Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781118875599

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