Lab 9 (Numbering Systems + IP Addressing +Subnetting) Completed

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IFT 166 Introduction to Internet Networking Lab 9: Workbook (Numbering Systems, IP Addressing and Classful Subnetting) Lab 9: Instructions 1. You cannot use the Internet to complete the workbook…….I’m watching you  somehow 2. You must complete the workbook on your own. You can ask for help of other students, but this is not a team task. 3. Only use a calculator when prompted. Lab Sections  Part A: Decimal to Binary conversion  Part B: Binary to Decimal conversion  Part C: Decimal to Hexadecimal conversion  Part D: Hexadecimal to Binary conversion  Part E: Hexadecimal to Decimal conversion  Part F: Numbering system revision questions  Part G: Windows calculator and numbering systems  Part H: Address Class Identification  Part I: Network & Host Identification  Part J: Network Addresses  Part K: Host Addresses  Part L: Default Subnet Masks  Part M: IP Subnetting  Part N: ANDing Process

PLEASE READ THIS PAGE BEFORE YOU ATTEMPT PARTS A-F (INCLUSIVE) Numbering Systems Any system of naming/representing numbers or a set of numerals for representing numbers Decimal system (base 10)  Decimal counting system we use every day.  Uses 10 digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9  Computers only display numbers in decimal, they actually do all their work in binary Binary system (base 2)  Based on only two numbers 0 and 1. Hexadecimal (base 16)  Use 16 unique digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E, F)  Used on NIC cards and IPv6 addressing.  Each hex value represents 4 bits. Byte range from 00000000-11111111 with decimal range from 0-255 or hex values 0-ff  To avoid confusion while using different numeral systems, the base of each individual number may be specified by writing it as a subscript of the number.  For example the decimal number 512 may be written as 512 10  The hexadecimal number 512 may be written as 512 16 or with a 0x prefix

Part A: Decimal to Binary Conversion (Use all 8 bits to represent each answer) Calculator is not permitted in this section. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 = 238 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 34 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 = 123 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 = 200 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 = 10 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 = 138 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 = 13 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 = 250 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 = 107

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Part B: Binary to Decimal Conversion Calculator is not permitted in this section. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = Answer 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 = 146 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 = 119 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 = 197 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 = 246 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 = 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129 0001101 1 = 27 1010101 0 = 170 0110111 1 = 111 1111100 0 = 248 0010000 0 = 32 0101010 1 = 85

Part C: Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion Calculator is not permitted in this section. Procedure 1. Divide the decimal number by 16. 2. Write down the remainder (in hexadecimal). 3. Divide the result again by 16. 4. Repeat step 2 and 3 until result is 0. 5. The hex value is the digit sequence of the remainders from the last to first. (Answer the following) Decimal Hexadecimal 53 35 273 111 105 69 158 9E 171 AB 85 55 496 1F0 112 70 897 381 5, 292 14AC

Part D: Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion Calculator is not permitted in this section. Convert a hexadecimal number to binary by simply translating each hexadecimal digit into its 4-bit binary equivalent. For example, the hexadecimal number 0x9E3 translates into 1001 1110 0011, as the binary values of 9, E and 3 are 1001, 1110 and 0011. Answer the following Hexadecimal Binary 0x68 0110 1000 0xF2 1111 0010 0X19 0001 1001 0X123 0001 0010 0011 0X2BB 0010 1011 1011

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Part E: Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion Calculator is not permitted in this section. Converting hexadecimal to decimal can be performed in the conventional mathematical way, by showing each digit place as an increasing power of 16 Answer the following Hexadecimal Decimal 0x35 53 0x1AA 426 0x12 18 0x4B 75 0x89 137

Part F: Numbering system revision questions Calculator is not permitted in this section. Decimal Hexadecimal Binary 169 A9 10101001 255 FF 11111111 47825 BAD1 1011101011010001 908 38C 001110001100 322 142 000101000010 23 17 00010111 255 FF 11111111 115 73 01110011 67 43 01000011 19 13 00010011 170 AA 10101010 15 F 1111 189 BD 10111101 7 7 111 240 F0 11110000

Part G: Windows Calculator & Numbering Systems Calculator is permitted in this section. Objectives • Switch between Windows Calculator modes. • Use Windows Calculator to convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal. • Use Windows Calculator to determine the number of hosts in a network with powers of 2. Step 1: Access Windows Calculator and determine mode of operation a. Open the calculator on Windows 8 or Windows 10(whatever method you want)..screens may vary. b. Once the Calculator application opens, select the View menu option. c. Which mode is currently active? Scientific d. Select the Standard mode. This is a basic mode for simple calculations. How many mathematical functions are available in this mode? 8 e. From the View menu option, select the Scientific Calculator mode. f. How many mathematical functions are available in this mode? 19 Step 2: Convert between number systems a. Access Programmer mode. Notice the number system modes available—Hex (Hexadecimal), Dec (Decimal), Oct (Octal), and Bin (Binary). b. Which number system is currently active? Dec c. Which numbers on the number pad are active in Decimal mode? 0-9 d. Click on the Bin (Binary) mode radio button. Which numbers on the number pad are now active? 0- 1 e. Why do you think the other numbers are grayed out? Binary is only written in 1s and 0s f. Click on the Hex (Hexadecimal) mode radio button. g. Which characters on the number pad are now activated? Numbers 0-9 and letters A-F h. Click on the Dec radio button. Using your mouse, click on the number 1 followed by the number 5 on the number pad. The decimal number 15 has now been entered. Click on the Bin radio button. g. What happened to the number 15 listed in the textbox at the top of the window? It converted to binary h. By selecting different modes, numbers are converted from one number system to another. Select Dec mode again. The number in the window converts back to decimal. Select the Hex mode. i. Which hexadecimal character (0 through 9 or A through F) represents decimal 15? F

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j. Clear the hexadecimal value representing 15 in the window. Select Dec mode again. Not only can Clear the hexadecimal value representing 15 in the window. Select Dec mode again. Not only can the mouse be used to enter numbers, but the numerical keypad on the keyboard as well as numbers on the keyboard can also be used. Using the numerical keypad to the right of the ENTER key, type the number 22 . Note that if the number does not enter into the calculator, press the Num Lock key to enable the numeric keypad. While the number 22 is showing in the calculator, use the number keys across the top of the keyboard to add a 0 to the number 22 (220 should now be on the calculator). Select the Bin radio button. k. What is the binary equivalent of 220? 1101 1100 l. Clear the binary value representing 220 in the window. From Binary mode, type in the following binary number: 11001100 . Select the Dec radio button. m. What is the decimal equivalent to the binary number of 11001100? 204 Step 3: Convert host IP addresses a. Computer hosts usually have two addresses, an Internet Protocol (IP) address and an Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) address. For the benefit of humans, the IP address is normally represented as a dotted decimal notation, such as 135.15.227.68. Each of the decimal octets in the address or a mask can be converted to 8 binary bits. Remember that the computer only understands binary bits. If all 4 octets were converted to binary, how many bits would there be? 32 b. IP addresses are normally shown with four decimal numbers ranging from 0 to 255 and separated by a period. Convert the 4 parts of the IP address 192.168.10.2 to binary c. Notice in the previous problem how the 10 converted to only four digits and the number 2 converted to only two digits. When IP addresses can have any number from 0 to 255 in each position, eight digits are normally used to represent each number. In the previous example, eight digits were needed to convert 192 and 168 to binary, but 10 and 2 did not need as many digits. Normally 0s are added to the left of the digits to have eight digits in binary for each IP address number. The number 10 would be shown as 00001010. Four extra zeros are added to the front of the other four binary digits. d. On the calculator in Binary mode, enter the digits 00001010 and select the Dec radio button. e. Which decimal number is equivalent to 00001010? 10 f. Did adding “leading” zeros affect the number any? No g. What would the number 2 (in the previous example) be if you were to make it eight digits? 00000010 Step 4: Convert host IP subnet masks a. Subnet masks, such as 255.255.255.0, are also represented as dotted decimal. A subnet mask will always consist of four 8-bit octets, each one represented as a decimal number. With the exception of decimal 0 (all 8 binary zeros) and decimal 255 (all 8 binary ones), each octet will have some number of ones on the left and some number of zeros on the right. Convert the 8 possible decimal subnet octet values to binary. Decimal Binary 192 1100 0000 168 1010 1000 10 1010 2 0010

b. c. Convert the four parts of the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 to binary (above to the right) Step 5: Convert IP and MAC addresses for a host a. Click the Start button, select Run , type cmd , and press Enter . From the command prompt, type ipconfig /all . b. Make a note of the IP address and physical address (also known as a MAC address).\ IP Address: 172.18.224.1 MAC Address: 00-15-5D-F4-21-BC c. Using the calculator, convert the four numbers contained in the IP address to binary. d. The MAC or physical address is normally represented as 12 hexadecimal characters, grouped in pairs and separated by dashes (-). Physical addresses on a Windows-based computer are shown in a format of xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, where each x is a number from 0 to 9 or a letter from a to f. Each of the hex characters in the address can be converted to 4 binary bits which is what the computer understands. If all 12 hex characters were converted to binary, how many bits would there be? 48 e. Convert each of the hexadecimal pairs to binary. For example, if the number CC-12-DE-4A-BD-88 was the physical address, convert the hexadecimal number CC to binary (11001100). Then convert the hexadecimal number 12 to binary (00010010) and so on. Be sure to add the leading zeros for a total of 8 binary digits per pair of hex digits. f. Close the Windows Calculator application Decimal Binary 0 0000 0000 128 1000 1000 192 1100 0000 224 1110 0000 240 1111 0000 248 1111 1000 252 1111 1100 254 1111 1110 255 1111 1111 Decimal Binary 255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111 0 0000 0000 Decimal Binary 172 1010 1100 18 0001 0010 224 1110 0000 1 0000 0001 Hexadecimal Binary 00 0000 0000 15 0001 0101 5D 0101 1101 F4 1111 0100 21 0010 0001 BC 1011 1100

g. Part H: Address Class Identification Address Class 10.250.1.1 A 150.10.15.0 B 192.14.2.0 C 230.230.42.58 C 33.0.0.0 A 249.240.80.78 C 177.100.18.4 C 98.0.21.92 A 127.0.0.1 A 193.41.21.1 C

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Part I: Network & Host Identification Choose the network portion of the address 177 100 18 4 177.100 119 18 45 0 119. 209 240 80 78 209.240.80 199 155 77 56 199.155.77 117 89 56 45 117.89 95 0 21 90 95 158 98 80 0 158.98 10 250 250 1 10 Highlight the host portion of the address 10 15 123 50 15.123.50 171 2 199 31 199.31 196 125 87 177 177 223 250 200 222 222 17 45 222 45 45.222.45 126 201 54 231 201.54.231 100 25 25 1 25.25.1 10 250 250 1 250.250.1

Part J: Network Addresses (Using the IP address and subnet mask, write out the network address) 188.10.18.2 (IP Address) 255.255.0.0 (Subnet Mask) 188.10.0.0 (Network Address) 10.10.10.10 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 10.10.48.80 (IP Address) 255.255.255.0 (Subnet Mask) 10.10.48.0 Network Address) 186.23.13.110 255.255.255.0 186.23.13.0 192.149.24.191 255.255.255.0 192.149.24.0 223.69.230.250 255.255.0.0 223.69.0.0 150.203.23.19 255.255.0.0 150.203.0.0 200.120.135.15 255.255.255.0 200.120.135.0

Part K: Host Addresses (Using the IP address and subnet mask, write out the host address) 188.10.18.2 (IP Address) 255.255.0.0 (Subnet Mask) 0.0.18.2 (Host Address) 10.10.10.10 255.0.0.0 0.10.10.10 10.10.48.80 (IP Address) 255.255.255.0 (Subnet Mask) 0.0.0.80 (Host Address) 186.23.13.110 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.110 192.149.24.191 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.191 223.69.230.250 255.255.0.0 0.0.230.250 150.203.23.19 255.255.0.0 0.0.23.19 200.120.135.15 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.15

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Part L: Default Subnet Masks Write the correct default subnet mask for each of the following addresses 177.100.18.4 255.255.0.0 119.18.45.0 255.0.0.0 191.249.234.191 255.255.0.0 10.10.250.1 255.0.0.0 126.123.23.1 255.0.0.0 88.45.65.35 255.0.0.0 193.100.77.83 255.255.255.0 1.1.10.50 255.0.0.0 134.125.34.9 255.255.0.0

Part M: IP Subnetting Problem 1: Custom Subnet Mask (based on the information given, fill in the required answers) Problem 2 Problem 3 Number of needed subnet: 6 Number of needed usable hosts: 30 Network Address: 195.85.8.0 Address Class. C Default Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.0 Custom Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.224 Total Number of Subnets. 8 Total number of host addresses. 32 Number of usable host addresses. 30 Number of bits borrowed. 3 Number of needed subnet: 126 Number of needed usable hosts: 131, 070 Network Address: 118.0.0.0 Address Class. A Default Subnet Mask. 255.0.0.0 Custom Subnet Mask. 255.254.0.0 Total Number of Subnets. 128 Total number of host addresses. 131072 Number of usable host addresses. 131070 Number of bits borrowed. 7 Number of needed usable hosts: 25 Network Address: 218.35.50.0 Address Class. C Default Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.0 Custom Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.224 Total Number of Subnets. 8 Total number of host addresses. 32 Number of usable host addresses. 30 Number of bits borrowed. 3

Problem 4: Subnetting (based on the information given, fill in the required answers) Problem 5 Number of needed usable subnets: 2 Network Address: 195.223.50.0 Address Class. C Default Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.0 Custom Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.128 Total Number of Subnets. 2 Total number of host addresses. 64 Number of usable host addresses. 62 Number of bits borrowed. 1 What is the 3rd subnet range? 195.223.50.48 - 195.223.50.63 What is the subnet number for the 3 rd subnet? 195.223.50.48 What is the subnet broadcast address for the 2nd subnet? 195.223.50.47 What are the assignable addresses for the 2 nd subnet? 195.223.50.33 - 195.223.50.62

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IP Address: 192.168.1.37/30 1. What is the broadcast address of the range of addresses that this IP address belongs to? 192.168.1.39 2. What is the network identifier of the range of addresses that this IP address belongs to? 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.254 3. What is the range of usable IP addresses that the IP address falls into? 192.168.1.32 - 192.168.1.47 4. Is the IP address a usable or un-usable? Usable

Part N: ANDing Process  When a source host attempts to communicate with a destination host, the source host uses its subnet mask to determine whether the destination host is on the local network or a remote network  AND operation is very simple - two binary digits are compared, and the based on their combination, a resultant value is formed. Steps 1. Host takes its own IP address and ANDs it with its own subnet mask, producing a result. 2. Host then takes the destination IP address and ANDs it with its own subnet mask, producing another result. 3. Host compares the two results. In cases where the ANDing results are identical, it means that the hosts reside on the same subnet. In cases where the results are different, it means that the destination host is remote. Example · Computer A has an IP address of 192.168.62.14 with a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0. · It wishes to communicate with host 192.168.65.1. · In order to determine whether this destination is local or remote, it will go through the ANDing process · Computer A is on subnet 192.168.56.0, while the destination host is on subnet 192.168.64.0, which means that Computer A will next be sending the data to a router.

ANDING Process continued Answer the following: Question 1  Host A (with IP address 172.16.2.4) wants to communicate with Host B (with IP address 172.16.3.5).  If the subnet mask for Host A is 255.255.0.0, will the hosts communicate using local transmissions or will they send information to the default gateway? local  Show the workings for the ANDing process below. SRC IP First Octet 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Second Octet 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Third Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Fourth Octet 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 SRC Mask First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AND = First Octet 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dest IP First Octet 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Second Octet 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Third Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Fourth Octet 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Dest Mask First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AND = First Octet 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Question 2  Host A (with IP address 192.168.0.10) wants to communicate with Host B (with IP address 192.168.20.2).  If the subnet mask for Host A is 255.255.255.0, will the hosts communicate using local transmissions or will they send information to the default gateway? gateway  Show the workings for the ANDing process below. SRC IP First Octet 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Second Octet 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Third Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fourth Octet 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 SRC Mask First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AND = First Octet 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 First Octet 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dest IP First Octet 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Second Octet 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Third Octet 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Fourth Octet 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Dest Mask First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AND = First Octet 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 First Octet 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 First Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Lab 9 (Numbering Systems + IP Addressing +Subnetting) Completed

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