Parmar_1230438757_M5A1

docx

School

Arizona State University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

510

Subject

Computer Science

Date

Dec 6, 2023

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by CountSummer14886

1 Module 5: Assignment 1 – Input/Output Krupal Parmar Information Technology, Arizona State University IFT 510 Principles of Computer Information and Technology Dinesh Sthapit 10/15/2023

2 Question 1: What kinds of input and output devices are generally used in computers, ranging from simple ones like a mouse or keyboard to complex ones like a high-speed network adapter? What makes us choose one kind of connection method (interface) over another for these devices? Answer: Input devices are parts that send signals to a computer to make it do things. The CPU gets these signals and sends signals to the outputs. Some examples of input devices are keyboards, mouse devices, combination devices, game controllers, screens, and audio input devices. Output devices are parts that show us what happens after we put information into a computer. These results can come in different types, like pictures, sounds, and videos. Input Device Output Device The person using the device agrees to the information. After the information is worked on, it is displayed for the user to see. This text means that when a user gives information, the device collects it and sends it to be stored or processed. It takes information from the processor and gives it back to the user. More complicated Simpler  Devices like external hard drives or high-resolution displays that need to transfer data quickly may need to use interfaces like Thunderbolt, USB 3. 1, or DisplayPort, which have fast data transfer rates.  Cost is important for both companies making products and the people who buy them. Using certain interfaces may be too expensive or make the device cost more than it needs to.

3  It is very important for new things to work with old things. If a device is meant to work with many different types of computers and operating systems, it is usually better to use a widely used and standardized interface like USB or HDMI. Question 2: How do input and output operations slow down or affect the overall performance of a computer program? What essential features must an I/O system have to ensure smooth operations? Think about how devices are identified, how data moves efficiently, and how various devices, fast or slow, are managed. Answer: Input/Output operations can make programs run faster or slower, and it's important to think about when making computer systems and trying to improve performance. Here are some examples of how input/output affects how fast a program runs: The I/O devices (like hard drives, SSDs, network interfaces, and peripherals) are much slower than the CPU's speed. This difference in speed can slow down I/O operations and impact the speed of the program. Latency refers to the time it takes for input/output (I/O) operations to happen. There are two types of latency: 1. Seek time: This is the time it takes for the system to find and access the specific data it needs, especially in disk-based storage. 2 Blocking I/O: This happens when a program stops or is "blocked" during an I/O operation, as it waits for the operation to finish. Seek time is the time it takes for the read/write head to get to the right position, while transfer time is the time it takes for the device to be ready to read or write. Programs may take longer to run if there is a high latency. The size of the data being transferred affects how fast input/output operations happen. A smaller amount of data being moved at a time makes it necessary for the program to request I/O more often, which causes the program to run slower. However, if more data is transferred, there is less time and effort needed to start and finish input/output operations.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

4 If you want to make the most of I/O, there are a few things you can do to optimize its performance. Caching is like saving information in your brain so that you don't have to keep repeating the same task multiple times. You can quickly get information from the cache, which is much faster than getting it from a slower device. Buffering is a method of storing data that allows you to move it in larger amounts, which reduces the extra work when performing input/output operations. If you want to make I/O faster, you can use asynchronous I/Os. This means you can start a task and continue doing other things while waiting for it to complete. And if you prefer not to stop the program while waiting, you can use non-blocking, which allows the program to continue running. Question 3: Why are special connection methods (interfaces) needed for I/O devices? Consider situations like different data formats, mismatched speeds between the device and the computer, types of data transmission (like bursts or continuous streams), and unique control needs for each device. Answer: In computer systems, Information and Oscillation (I/O) include different tasks that need to be done correctly in order to allow the sharing of data between separate computers. All types of data moving in a system rely on Input/Output Operations (I/O). Examples of input/output include sound files, sets of instructions for software, written text and moving images, and other things. Input/Output signals send instructions to a computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) to start moving data. You can give information using things like machines, programs, or people. Signals are sent from the brain of the computer, the storage controller, or the memory to save information on a storage device. Signals are also sent from the computer to an output device to show information on a screen or make sound. Devices that can only accept information, work with it, and give out a result.

5 Computers and mice need to communicate with each other in order to work together. Usually, computers and mice communicate with each other using a method called "stream mode". When a mouse moves, it continuously sends data that shows its new position. Some computers have a different way of functioning called "burst mode" or "prompt mode. " In this mode, the mouse saves its information until it gets a request from the CPU to share it. Data formats are how data is arranged and organized. It's like a special language that helps computers or systems understand and work with data effectively. Data formats have different sets of rules and structures. For example, they determine the order in which data elements are organized and how they are shown. Some commonly used data formats are JSON, XML, and CSV. Data Conversion: If the way the information is saved in the source device is not the same as the way it is saved in the computer, we may have to change the data. This process means transforming data from one type of format to another type. For example, converting text from one type of code to another or updating sound signals from older to newer technology. When we change data from one format to another, we might lose some information, especially if the formats have different levels of detail. Endianness refers to the way bytes are organized in data that contains more than one byte. If the data is organized differently in the source device compared to the computer, we might have to rearrange the sequence of bits when moving the data. Mismatched speeds happen when two or more things are moving at different speeds. Buffers are places where data is temporarily stored. They ensure that information can be sent and received at a steady rate. If information is being created or used at different rates, the buffer can assist in making the transfer more seamless.

6 Flow control is a method to control how quickly data is moved by utilizing protocols like handshaking. These protocols ensure that both the sender and receiver agree on how quickly the data should be sent. If the device sends information too quickly for the computer to process, some of the information may not get through. On the other hand, if the computer wants data quicker than the device can provide it, there could be missing information in the data. Question 4: Discuss how the CPU manages I/O data through registers, how data moves in single-word transfers, and provide examples like keyboard input processing. Answer: Data Register: General-purpose data registers, or simply data registers, are used to store and work with data in the processor. These registers hold numbers used for arithmetic and logical calculations, and also store the answers to these calculations. Usually, data registers are used to temporarily save data while doing a calculation. Data registers have some important characteristics. One is that they store data using only zeros and ones. This data can be numbers, symbols, or other types of information. Furthermore, they are used for performing calculations and changing data within the processor. In addition, data registers are a very efficient type of memory in the processor. They can be directly accessed by the CPU's processing unit, which helps make calculations faster. Address Register: An address register is a smaller part of a larger register that is made to hold memory addresses. It is important for getting and changing data saved in a computer's memory. Address registers are important because they help store memory addresses. They also allow

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

7 for indirect addressing and have pointer registers. Memory Address Storage refers to the places where memory addresses are kept in RAM. These addresses are used to find and save data in memory. Indirect addressing means using a register to find the data stored in RAM. For example, a program can read from or write to specific memory locations that are mentioned in the address register. Data is sent in small chunks of a specific size, known as a "word. " The word size of a computer is determined by how it is made and can be either 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits. This is how information moves in single word exchanges. The place where the data is coming from is called the data source. This could come from a list, place where information is stored, or a device for input/output, depending on what is being moved. Data Transfer: The computer's brain or controller gives it instructions to move a small piece of information. This command shows where the information is coming from and where it is going. Data encoding is the process of changing information into a special language made up of only 0s and 1s. This is done to make it easier to move or send the information. The number of bits in a binary representation is determined by the length of the word. Sending information: The encrypted information is sent from its original source to the desired destination through wires or designated routes for data transmission. Data Storage: When data needs to be stored in a specific place, like a register or memory location, it will be put there. When data is received by a processing unit like a CPU, it can be processed further, such as performing calculations or making comparisons.

8 Question 5: Explain what interrupts are and how they give the CPU a way to prioritize tasks, pausing current activities to handle more urgent needs. Answer: In computers, an interrupt is a message sent by a device or a program within the computer system. This signal is needed for the computer system to stop working and decide what to do next. An interrupt can temporarily stop or end a service or a process that is currently running. Most I/O devices have a special line called the Bus Control Line that is used for this purpose. An interrupt signal can be started when a program asks for it or when something happens that has nothing to do with the program running. Interrupts help the CPU organize its tasks by allowing it to temporarily pause what it's doing to focus on more important things. Interrupting is when a computer stops doing one thing to do something else because an important event happened. This happens by quickly changing what the computer is focused on and giving importance to the event that happened. Then, the computer does a specific set of instructions to handle the event. Event-driven processing is when a task is stopped and another one begins when a specific event happens, like when a key is pressed on a keyboard or a timer shows a specific time. In simple terms, a context switch is when the CPU takes a break from what it was doing to save its progress. An interrupt service routine (ISR) is a set of instructions that deal with a specific event caused by an interrupt. ISRs are made to do what needs to be done when something happens, like getting information from a device, adjusting the clock, and doing what software asks for. The interrupt controller is like a boss for interrupt events. It manages which interrupt gets attention first. Modern computer processors usually have multiple interrupt lines with different levels of importance.

9 Question 6: Talk about the criteria that have to be fulfilled for DMA to work effectively in bypassing the CPU for data transfers. Answer: DMA (Direct Memory Access) is a way to move information between gadgets and the computer's memory without the CPU doing any work. To add DMA to your computer system, there are a few things you need to consider and keep in mind. Here are some things you need to think about when using DMA. 1. DMA Controller Hardware:  You need a special controller or engine to handle direct memory access. This hardware part takes care of the DMA channels and handles moving data around. 2. Compatible Peripherals:  The peripherals connected to the system need to either have DMA or DMA-capable controllers in order to start and be part of DMA transfers. 3. Memory Architecture:  The way the memory is structured has to let outside devices access it directly. This usually needs help with accessing memory blocks and input/output through memory mapping. 4. System Bus Architecture:  The system bus needs to be able to handle DMA transfers. It needs to have signal lines and bus arbitration mechanisms so that the DMA controller can take over the bus when needed.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

10 Question 7: Discuss how I/O controllers act as intermediaries between the CPU and I/O devices, managing data storage, device communication, and more. Answer: The I/O module is very important for making different things work well, like helping the processor and devices talk to each other, controlling and keeping track of time, storing data, and finding mistakes. Processor communication means transferring information between processors and I/O modules. It also includes understanding the instructions given by processors, providing updates on its status, and recognizing its own address. Device communication refers to the way devices communicate with each other, like reporting their status. Controlling and timing means managing how information moves between a computer's insides and things connected to it. Data buffering is how we handle when the computer sends data at a different speed than external devices can receive it. Error detection is the process of finding mistakes, whether they are caused by a machine or by data and telling the computer about these mistakes. If processors and peripheral devices cannot share data, then the data cannot be turned into usable information. An I/O controller is responsible for storing data. Data buffering means temporarily storing data while it is being moved between the CPU and an I/O device. Data buffering is needed to handle the different speeds at which data is transferred between the input/output (I/O) and the processing unit (CPU). It helps prevent losing data and makes sure that data keeps moving smoothly. Input/output (I/O) controllers have special logic that helps them understand and process messages, commands, or requests from the central processing unit (CPU) or other I/O devices. This ability allows the controller to do the right things in response to situations.

11 Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a way for devices like printers or scanners to access computer memory directly, without needing the main computer to help. Integrated memory controllers (I/O) help to transfer data between the I/O device and the memory using DMA operations. I/O controllers help the CPU talk and work together with I/O devices. This means setting up and getting ready for input and output devices, keeping an eye on how they're doing, dealing with any errors that come up, and managing their power usage. Question 8: Explain what buses are, essentially serving as data highways within the computer, and how they facilitate the movement of data. Answer: A bus is like a pathway that helps computer parts connect and share information with each other. Another type of bus is called an internal bus. It connects the parts inside a computer to the motherboard. Furthermore, a "bus topology" or design is a term used to describe how digital connections can be set up in different ways. Buses can be either parallel or serial. Parallel buses send data over multiple wires, while serial buses send data one bit at a time. A bus is a communication system that sends information between parts inside a computer or between two computers. This includes all the physical parts (like wires and optical fibers) and programs, as well as communication rules. In the beginning, the word "bus" was used to describe an electrical wire that had different hardware connections. But now, it is used to describe any physical setup that serves the same purpose as a parallel electric busbar. Recently, people have used the term to talk about new computer buses that can connect using many wires at once or just one at a time. Furthermore, modern bus connections can be either a bunch of wires connected in parallel or a series of wires connected one after another. There are also switched hubs, like USB.

12 References: Q1: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/input-and-output-devices/ Q2: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/input-output-I-O Q3: Null, Linda; Julia Lobur (2006). The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture Q4: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/central-processing-unit Q5: "Interrupt Instructions". Control Data 3600 Computer System Reference Manual Q6: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74178665/dma-vs-load-store-unit Q7: https://builtin.com/hardware/i-o-input-output Q8: McCann, Doug; Thorne, Peter (2000). The Last of The First, CSIRAC: Australias First Computer

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Parmar_1230438757_M5A1

Related Documents