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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Module 5: Assignment 2 - Computer Peripherals and Storage Devices Krupal Parmar Information Technology, Arizona State University IFT 510 Principles of Computer Information and Technology Dinesh Sthapit 10/15/2023

2 Q1: Choose any two peripherals from the list provided in the overview section and compare their features, advantages, and limitations. Discuss their significance in different computing environments. Ans: Monitors:  A display, often referred to as a monitor or screen, is an output device that shows visual information from a computer or other electronic devices. It's the primary interface between the user and the computer.  Displays come in various types, including CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diode), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode), and more. These technologies differ in terms of their structure and how they produce images.  Displays are used for viewing text, images, videos, and other graphical content. They can produce dynamic and interactive content, and they are commonly used for tasks like web browsing, gaming, word processing, programming, and multimedia consumption. Advantages:  Energy consumption  Multiple screens  Lower input lag, higher refresh rates, and faster response time than TVs  Better watching experience and ergonomics  Increases in productivity. Limitations:  Radiation

3  Expensive and fragile  Screen flicker  Cost, additional resources required, and the potential for distractions.  Less desk spaces.  Less efficient than lower-level synchronization primitives Printers:  Printers are output devices that produce physical copies of digital documents or images on paper or other media. They are commonly used to create hard copies of digital content.  There are various types of printers, including inkjet printers, laser printers, dot matrix printers, and 3D printers. These printers use different technologies to create printed output.  Printers are widely used for tasks like document printing, image reproduction, creating labels, and manufacturing prototypes (in the case of 3D printers). Advantages:  High-quality photo output  Vivid colors  Ease of use  Short lead times  Portability  Wireless connectivity  Cost-effective Limitations:  Higher cost per print

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4  Slower print speeds  High volumes are a challenge.  Some inkjet printers produce gray, fuzzy text.  Inkjet printers for home use have low-capacity paper trays.  Printers cannot retain data and require all data to be sent every time. Q2: Select one type of secondary storage device and conduct an in-depth analysis of its characteristics, working principles, and applications. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen storage device compared to other options. Ans: Magnetic Disk: A magnetic disk is a type of storage device that uses magnets to record, change, and retrieve information. It has a special covering that attracts magnets and holds information in lines, dots, and sections. Hard disks, zip disks, and floppy disks are types of magnetic disks that are commonly used. Characteristics: A magnetic disk is made up of a spinning magnetic surface, called a platter, and a moving arm that goes over it. Together, they make a "comb". The mechanical arm helps to read and write information on the disk. The information stored on a magnetic disk is read and written by using a method that involves magnets. Working Principles: The disk's surface is split into circles called tracks. The outermost track is marked with a 0, and the last track is marked with a 1. Tracks are split into smaller parts called sectors. A sector is a piece of the pie that goes through all of the tracks. Sectors are like storage containers for data on

5 a disk. A sector is the tiniest part of a disc that can be read or written on. Each part of a disc has at least eight sections. To get access, you need to put a magnetic disc into a magnetic disc drive. The drive consists of a part that can both read and write information, and it is connected to an arm that moves the part. On the disc, the arm can move in and out. Applications: In the last few years, the Solid-State Drive has become more and more popular. It uses flash memory instead of magnetic storage. Solid-state drives (SSDs) have a few benefits compared to regular hard disk drives (HDDs). They can access and transfer data faster, use less power, and are more durable. But from what I know until September 2021, SSDs were still pricier per gigabyte compared to HDDs. This means that magnetic disk drives are still important for users who need a lot of storage space at a low price. Advantages:  Data records can be saved in a way where they can be accessed one after the other or directly.  This disk had fast access and update speeds because it didn't need to sort transactions.  They use direct access mode to read or write data on certain data files.  The magnetic disk system usually transfers data faster than a tape system.  The magnetic disk is good for storing data both when connected to the internet and when not connected. Disadvantages:  Costs more than magnetic tapes.

6  In order to keep them safe and not get broken, the things need to be stored in a place without any dust.  This disk was easier to break into and gain access to important online files from far away computers.  It is hard to keep information secure.  Not suitable for devices that need information in a specific order rather than being able to access it randomly or directly. Q3: Explain the concept of the storage hierarchy, emphasizing the role of secondary storage devices. Ans: The storage hierarchy is a way to organize and prioritize different storage devices in computer systems based on how fast they are, how much they can hold, and how much they cost. The storage hierarchy aims to improve how data is accessed and stored, by finding the best balance between performance and cost. Secondary storage devices are very important in this system. Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary storage is a type of storage where data that is not used often is kept. It is different from primary storage, which is where frequently used data is stored. It is a type of memory that keeps data safe until it is purposely removed or changed. Secondary storage can be kept at your workplace, on a separate device, or in the cloud. Secondary storage allows organizations to store different types of data in various sizes, from small amounts to very large amounts. Secondary storage devices help save and keep data for a long time in cheaper drives, especially if it is not used often. Devices like CDs and flash drives, which are called secondary storage devices, can be used to move information from one device to another.

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7 Q4: Compare and contrast solid-state memory (flash memory) with magnetic disks in terms of their working principles, performance, and applications. Ans: A regular hard disk drive (HDD) has a spinning part that holds flat disks called platters where data is stored. The plates are created using a material that doesn't attract magnets, and they are covered with a thin layer of material that is magnetic. The read-and-write heads are placed on the top of the disks. The plates are rotated quickly using a motor. A regular hard drive has two motors that do different jobs. One motor helps to spin the disks, while the other motor helps to move the read/write head. Information is recorded onto a flat disk as it spins past the parts that read and write data. The device can sense and change the magnetic force of the material right below it. On the other hand, SSDs use small electronic chips and do not have any parts that move. SSD parts include a controller, which is a small computer that runs important software for the SSD; cache, which stores data about where blocks are placed and how the SSD wears out; and energy storage like a small battery, which helps save important data in the cache when the power goes out. In simple words, the main storage part of an SSD used to be a type of memory that lost information when the power was turned off, called DRAM. However, since 2009, a different type of memory called NAND flash has become more commonly used. The speed of the SSD can increase when more NAND flash chips are used at the same time. One NAND chip is not very fast. When several NAND devices work together in an SSD, the amount of information they can process increases, and the delays are less noticeable. This happens as long as there are many tasks waiting to be done and the work is evenly divided among the devices. Performance:

8 In a hard disk drive (HDD), the way data is moved is one following the other. The read/write head on the hard drive moves to the right spot to do its job. This waiting time can be important. The speed of transferring data can be affected by how the files are organized and arranged in the file system. When files are fragmented or scattered, it can slow down the transfer rate. In simple terms, hard disks have certain limitations because of their mechanical nature. In an SSD, information is not transferred in order. Instead, it can be accessed randomly, which makes it faster. The read speed remains the same because where the data is stored doesn't matter. SSDs don't use read/write heads, so they don't experience delays caused by the movement of the heads. Applications: SSD: People who love using multimedia and frequently download things need a lot of space to keep all their videos. They can buy a hard drive that has 8 terabytes or even more space at a low cost. People who work with pictures and videos use up and break storage devices more quickly than other people. Swapping or adding a 2TB hard drive will be less expensive than swapping a 500GB SSD, although the price difference is getting smaller. HDD: Road warriors are people who often carry their laptops in their bags without being careful. They would prefer the added protection of a solid-state drive (SSD). That laptop might not be completely turned off when you forcefully close it to catch your next plane. This also includes people who work in the field, such as workers who provide essential services and researchers at universities.

9 People who work in graphic arts and engineering need hard drives for their computers. However, using a faster SSD (solid-state drive) instead of a regular hard drive can help them finish more projects for their clients. These users are perfect candidates for systems with two drives. Q5: Investigate the RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) technology and its different levels. Explain how RAID enhances data availability, fault tolerance, and performance. Ans: RAID is a tech used to improve how data is stored, making it faster and more dependable. The abbreviation means either Redundant Array of Independent Drives or Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, which is an older and less popular term. A RAID system is when two or more drives work together at the same time. These can be computer storage devices, but people are also starting to use a newer type called SSD. RAID 0: In a RAID 0 system, data is divided into smaller parts and stored across multiple drives. By using more than one disk (at least 2) simultaneously, this provides better I/O speed. The performance of this can be made even better by using many controllers. Ideally, each disk should have its own controller. RAID 1: The data is saved in two places - a data drive and a mirror drive. If one drive stops working, the controller will use either the other drive or a backup drive to recover the data and keep working. You must have at least 2 drives for a RAID 1 setup. RAID 5: RAID 5 is a very common and safe way of organizing data on multiple hard drives. It needs at least 3 drives but can function with as many as 16. Data blocks are divided and stored across multiple drives, and on one particular drive, a special code called a parity checksum is written to ensure that all the block data is correctly stored. The extra data used for checking errors is not saved in just one drive, but is divided among all the drives, as shown in the picture

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10 below. The computer can use the extra information to figure out what the missing data was, in case it is no longer there. This means that if one drive fails in a RAID 5 array, data will not be lost and access to data can still be maintained. Even though you can use software to set up RAID 5, it is better to use a hardware controller. Extra cache memory is sometimes added to these controllers to make writing things faster. RAID 6: RAID 6 is similar to RAID 5, but it stores the parity data on two drives instead of just one. This means that it needs at least 4 hard drives and is able to handle 2 hard drives failing at the same time. It is very unlikely that two drives will break at the same time. But, if a hard drive in a RAID 5 system stops working and gets replaced with a new one, it can take a long time, like several hours or even a whole day, for the system to finish rebuilding the new drive. If another hard drive fails while this is happening, you will still lose all of your saved information. With RAID 6, the RAID system will still work even if there is a second failure. Data Availability: RAID improves the availability of data by making copies of it. In RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 6, and other similar levels, data is copied or information is created to check for errors and spread out across the drives. If one hard drive stops working, the information can still be reached from the other hard drives. RAID systems can replace a failed drive while the system is still working. The RAID controller fixes and restores the data in the background. Fault Tolerance: Different RAID levels provide different levels of protection against errors or failures. For example, RAID 1 (mirroring) makes sure data is safe by copying it on two drives. RAID 5 and RAID 6 use a method called distributed parity to fix any data problems if a drive stops working. RAID keeps data safe even if a drive stops working. The level of protection you have depends on the type of RAID you use. With RAID 1, if one drive stops working, you can

11 still access the data. RAID makes the system more reliable because it lowers the chance of losing data when a drive stops working. Performance: RAID allows you to divide data among several drives, which helps in doing multiple tasks at the same time. This means that information can be accessed or stored from several drives at the same time, which greatly helps to make data transfer faster. RAID helps distribute the work evenly among drives, stopping individual drives from slowing down the overall performance. This is very helpful in situations where you need to do a lot of input and output operations, like in database servers. Q6: Explore optical storage devices, focusing on CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-Ray technologies. Explain the working principles, storage capacities, and differences between these optical storage formats. Ans: Optical storage devices use lasers to get information from and put information on optical discs. The most popular types of optical storage formats are CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-ray. CD-ROM: CD-ROMs use a special red light (with a specific length of wave) to read information from a winding path of small holes and flat areas on the disc's outer layer. The laser bounces off the small holes in the surface and ends up in different places. Then, a sensor understands these bounces as either zeros or ones. Regular CD-ROMs can hold up to 700 megabytes of information. There are also longer versions called CD-R and CD-RW that can hold the same amount of information. CD-ROMs are the oldest and hold the least amount of information compared to the other formats. They are mainly used for keeping music, software, and small data files. DVD:

12 DVDs use a red laser, which is like a beam of light, to read information from a long, winding path with tiny bumps and flat spaces. This path is even smaller than the path on a CD-ROM. This means that more information can be stored in a smaller space. DVDs sometimes have another layer on certain discs, which is read by a different laser using a different color light to allow for more information to be stored. DVDs can be different sizes. Some DVDs hold 4. 7GB of information, while others hold 8. 5GB There are also even bigger DVDs for advanced formats. DVDs can store much more information than CD-ROMs. They are often used for movies, video games, computer programs, and saving information. Blu-Ray: Blu-ray technology uses a special kind of laser that is shorter than the laser used in CDs and DVDs. This shorter distance between waves lets us store more information because it can detect tinier bumps and gaps. Blu-ray discs come in different sizes, like BD-25 (25GB) and BD-50 (50GB). Furthermore, there are also discs with a storage capacity of 100 GB (BD-100) and 128 GB (BD-128) that have three or four layers. Blu-ray has the most space to store things out of three formats. It is used for really clear videos, saving important files, and doing big projects with lots of media. It is better than DVDs in terms of picture and sound. Q7: Research magnetic tape technology as an offline storage medium. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of magnetic tape compared to other storage devices. Ans: Magnetic tape is a type of storage that has been used for a long time. It is reliable, lasts a long time, and is not expensive. Although it is not commonly used in everyday computer

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13 activities, magnetic tape still has an important job in storing and saving data, as well as being used for specific tasks. Advantages: Magnetic tape can store a lot of information, so it is good for saving a large amount of data for a long time. The newest kinds of tapes can hold a lot of information, ranging from billions to trillions of data. Magnetic tape is a low-cost way to store a lot of information. It costs a lot less than other forms of storage like hard drives or solid-state drives. Tape lasts longer than most other types of storage. It can be kept for a long time without losing much information, which is great for storing data for a long time and following the rules. Magnetic tape is a type of storage that is not connected to the internet, so it can't be affected by online problems like ransomware and hacking. This makes it a great option for protecting and recovering data. Tape drives and tapes are well-known for being strong and dependable. They are less likely to fail than some other storage devices. Disadvantages: Magnetic tape takes longer to access information compared to hard drives and solid-state drives. It is not good for tasks that need fast access to information. Accessing data on tape means that you have to read or write the data in the same order it is stored on the tape. Doing random searches for specific information can take a lot of time. Putting tapes in and taking them out involves using your hands, which can be inconvenient for everyday tasks.

14 Tapes last a long time, but they don't last forever. Over time, tapes can get worse, and it is important to regularly update and transfer data to newer devices. Magnetic tape is great for keeping copies of information, storing old records, and saving data offline. This does not work well for processing data quickly, running virtual programs, or doing things in real-time. Q8: Investigate different types of displays, including LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode). Explain their working principles, advantages, and applications. Compare and contrast these display technologies in terms of picture quality, energy efficiency, and cost. Ans: Types of displays:  LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)  LED (Light Emitting Diode)  Plasma  OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)  QLED (Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diode) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): LCD screens use a special liquid inside that is trapped between two see-through plates. When we run electricity through them, the crystals move to control how light can go through. They can either let the light go through (making it bright) or stop the light (making it dark). Usually, small lights (such as LEDs) are used to make the screen brighter. Benefits:

15 Energy Efficiency: LCDs save energy because they only use power for the pixels that are lit up, especially when showing still pictures. LCD panels are cheaper to make, so they are used in many different devices. Longevity: LCDs last longer than OLEDs and are less likely to suffer from burn-in (image retention). LCDs are often seen in many things like computer screens, laptops, TVs, signs, and smartphones. OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode): OLEDs use special substances that produce light when electricity is used. Every tiny dot on the screen makes its own light and doesn't require an extra light source. When a pixel is off, it does not produce any light. Benefits: Picture Quality: OLEDs have better picture quality with darker blacks, more noticeable differences between light and dark areas, and wider angles for viewing. Each tiny dot on the screen can be controlled separately, which makes the colors brighter and the image look better. OLED panels are very thin, lightweight, and can bend, allowing for new and creative designs, like curved screens. OLEDs react quicker than LCDs, so they work well for videos with lots of action. OLEDs are used in fancy smartphones, TVs, and really good computer screens. They are also being used more often in wearable devices and car displays. Comparison: 1. Picture Quality:  LCD: Good picture quality but may have limitations in contrast and black levels.

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16  OLED: Superior picture quality with deep blacks, excellent contrast, and vibrant colors. 2. Energy Efficiency:  LCD: Energy-efficient for displaying static content.  OLED: More energy-efficient for displaying content with dark backgrounds, as individual pixels can be turned off. 3. Cost:  LCD: Generally, more cost-effective to manufacture.  OLED: More expensive due to the complexity of manufacturing, especially for larger screens. 4. Burn-in and Lifespan:  LCD: Less prone to burn-in and generally has a longer lifespan.  OLED: Susceptible to burn-in over time, with a shorter overall lifespan. 5. Viewing Angles:  LCD: Good viewing angles, but not as wide as OLED.  OLED: Excellent viewing angles, with consistent color and contrast from almost any angle. Q9: Explore the operation and functionality of printers, focusing on laser printers and inkjet printers. Discuss the differences between these two types of printers, including their printing mechanisms, print quality, and advantages in specific scenarios. Ans: Laser Printers:

17 A laser beam is used to create the text or picture on a special cylinder or belt inside the printer that can detect light. The drum has toner particles that have a positive charge on them. The laser removes some parts of the drum where the image or text should be printed, making a negative electrostatic picture. The drum moves over a piece of paper that has a negative charge from a transfer corona. The powder in the toner sticks to the paper and creates the picture. The paper goes through a machine that heats up the toner and sticks it to the paper so that it stays there. Laser printers are well-known for their clear and high-quality printed documents. These devices are really good for showing both words and pictures clearly and in great detail. Advantages: Laser printers are usually quicker than inkjet printers, which makes them great for printing a lot of things at once. Toner cartridges last longer and work better for printing a lot of pages. Documents that are printed using a laser printer are harder to smudge and are less likely to get damaged by water. Although a laser printer may be more expensive to buy upfront, it usually has lower costs for each page printed, particularly if you print a lot. Laser printers are often found in offices where they are used to make really good quality documents, reports, and pictures that look professional. They are also used for black and white and color printing. Inkject Printers: Small holes in the printer's printhead release tiny drops of ink onto the paper. The ink drops make the picture or words that we want by landing exactly where we want them on the paper.

18 Inkjet printers are famous for making really good pictures and photos with bright colors. They are good for making detailed pictures and photos. Advantages: Inkjet printers are really good at making colors look bright and pretty, so they are great for printing photos. They are able to print on different types of paper, like regular paper, photo paper, and special materials. Inkjet printers are usually smaller and lighter, so they are good for homes and small offices. They usually cost less than laser printers at the beginning. Inkjet printers are often used for printing at home, printing photos, and in small offices. They are well-liked because they make very good color documents and photos. Q10: Investigate user input devices beyond keyboards and mice, such as touch screens, barcode readers, magnetic stripe readers, and voice input. Explain their working principles, applications, and benefits in different contexts. Touch Screens: Touch screens are devices that can sense when you touch them with your finger or a special pen. There are different types of technologies that detect touch by sensing changes in electrical current, pressure, or sound waves. These technologies include capacitive, resistive, and surface acoustic wave (SAW). Touch screens are commonly used in things like smartphones, tablets, ATMs, checkout machines, kiosks, and interactive displays. They make it easy and fun for people to use. Touch screens are easy for people to use. They help people move around on a device, like a phone or tablet. They can be used on small or big screens.

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19 Barcode Readers: Barcode readers use a light and a special sensor to read the pattern of dark and light bars on a barcode. The scanner changes this design into letters and numbers. Barcode readers are necessary in stores to keep track of inventory, scan prices, and monitor items. They are also used in transportation, medical care, libraries, and systems for managing tickets. Barcode readers help gather information more accurately and quickly. They prevent mistakes made by people and make it easier to get information when needed. Magnetic Stripe Readers: Magnetic stripe readers use a small device to read the information stored on the magnetic stripe of cards like credit cards, ID cards, and access cards. Magnetic stripe readers are often used in cash register systems, doors with security cards, public transportation ticket machines, and confirming who someone is. They help you easily use cards for identification and payment so that transactions and access control are quick and easy. Voice Input: Voice input systems use technology to understand and convert spoken words into written text or instructions. These systems listen to sounds and try to understand and make sense of what is being said. Voice input is a technology used in devices like Siri and Alexa, as well as in programs that convert speech into written text, services that convert spoken words into written words, and in navigation systems in cars.

20 Voice input allows you to use your voice to control a device without using your hands. It is especially helpful for people with disabilities and in situations where using your hands is not possible. References Q1: Jerry Hofmann (2004). Jerry Hofmann on Final Cut Pro 4 Q2: Allen Lloyd. Complete Electronic Media Guide Q3: https://www.unitrends.com/blog/secondary-storage#:~:text=Secondary%20storage %20devices%20encourage%20long,from%20one%20device%20to%20another . Q4: https://www.diffen.com/difference/HDD_vs_SSD#:~:text=SSD%20has%20lower %20latency%2C%20faster,per%20second)%20compared%20to%20HDD.&text=Hard%20disk %20drives%20use%20more,not%20generate%20heat%20or%20noise . Q5: https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/RAID#:~:text=RAID%20works%20by %20placing%20data,redundantly%20also%20increases%20fault%20tolerance . Q6: Gu, Min; Li, Xiangping; Cao, Yaoyu (May 2014). "Optical storage arrays: a perspective for future big data storage Q7: https://compscistation.com/magnetic-tape-storage-advantages-and-disadvantages/ Q8: https://totalshowtech.com/2023/05/difference-between-led-and-oled/ Q9: https://www.ldproducts.com/blog/pros-cons-of-inkjet-and-laser-printers/ Q10: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Computer_Science/Input_devices

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