Assigment_1_V1[1]

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Assignment 1 – Wireless Connection Lambton College – Cyber Security & Computer Forensics 2023S-T1 ISN 1903 - Wireless and Mobile Device Security 01 (CSFM Group 1) Professor Saikat Asaduzzaman Group: Cobra Team Renosh Thomas C0896057 - Nijitha Thomas Kakkassery C0895145 - Jewel Tiju Thomas C0896114 - Ivan Torres C0891213 - Jaymeen Manubhai Vagadiya C0894475 - Nazalia Maria Valera Noguera C0891097 - Fabian Valero Duque C0891209 Monday, 26 June 2023

Table of Contents 1. Topic 1 - Types of wireless Antennas ..................................................................... 1 2. Topic 2 – Proposed Solution .................................................................................. 2 3. Topic 3 – Type of Encryption ................................................................................. 6 References ........................................................................................................................ 7

1 1. Topic 1 - Types of wireless Antennas If you need to have a communication setup for your company in Mississauga and its branch office in Hamilton, which one would you be using? Please note, there is a small mountain between these two locations (Hamilton Mountain), so you have to consider that as well. In order to know what the most adequate type of antenna for this scenario is, it’s important to know all the options and their advantages and disadvantages. It can be seen in Table 1 the different types of antennas next to a small description, typical use, and an example. Type Description Example Directional Long distance in point-to- point communication. This type of antenna can be used for the network connection between two buildings separated by a long distance. Semi-Directional Short to medium distance in point-to-point communication. This type of antenna can be used for the Wi-Fi on small university campus. Omni-Directional Point-to-multipoint communication. This type of antenna can be used for the Wi-Fi on houses or office building. Table 1. Comparison types of antennas The primary function of an antenna is to send and receive clear signals from various wireless devices; moreover, antennas are necessary for a wireless network to work effectively. Three main categories of antennae are classified by their mode of operation and used in different circumstances to address specific coverage issues. Directional, Semi-directional, and Omnidirectional are the three classifications. Directional antenna: these antennas are genuinely specialized and have a radiation pattern directed in a particular direction, allowing for more excellent range, better interference rejection,

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2 point-to-point link capability, signal focus, and increased noise immunity, making them ideal for various applications requiring precise and selective transmission or reception. Semi-directional antennae: are very flexible and have a vast range of coverage patterns. As a result, they are the type of antenna most frequently used when addressing coverage issues. A kind of semi-directional antenna commonly used for mobile large-scale 802.11 networks due to its flexibility and capacity. The omnidirectional antenna: radiates 360 degrees on the horizontal plane and between 7 and 80 degrees on the vertical plane. Moreover, they are typically used in point-to-multipoint configurations. Increasing the antenna's gain, or power, flattens the radiation pattern to stretch the horizontal coverage while restricting the vertical. Therefore, the higher the antenna's growth, the lower the vertical convergence. For example, installing an access point with a high-gain omnidirectional antenna in the middle of the building's first floor will give you excellent coverage. However, the second floor's signal must be improved because the vertical range has been curtailed. After conducting thorough research on different types of antennas, considering their mode of operation and suitability in various circumstances, we have concluded that the most suitable option for establishing effective communication between the company in Mississauga and its branch office in Hamilton is the directional antenna. This decision is based on the geographical location of both sites, considering the distance between them and the natural obstacle present, such as a small mountain.

4 2. Topic 2 – Proposed Solution Create a comparison chart to capture your research findings, and then decide on the solution based on your team's judgment. To establish a wireless directional point-to-point connection between Mississauga, Ontario, and Hamilton, Ontario, several technical and geographical considerations must be taken in consideration [1]. Distance: The exact distance between the two points must be determined in order to choose the appropriate equipment. The distance will affect the required power, antennas, and configuration needed to establish a stable connection. In this case, Google Earth simulation was used to identify suitable points in the connection. Line of Sight (LOS): For a successful wireless point-to-point connection, it is critical to have a direct line of sight (LOS) between the Mississauga and Hamilton locations. Any physical obstructions, such as tall buildings, dense trees, or hilly terrain, can affect signal quality or even block the signal completely. A route simulation was performed to ensure clear and unobstructed LOS.

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5 Antenna height: The location and height of the antennas are fundamental aspects to consider. In this analysis we simulate installing antennas at a sufficient height to overcome any obstacles between Mississauga and Hamilton, including mountains and tall buildings on the route, additionally for this simulation to work it is assumed that antennas could be installed on top of tall buildings or use towers to maximize height and obtain a better line of sight. Frequency and bandwidth: The appropriate frequency and bandwidth were analyzed and selected to avoid interference with other wireless signals in the area. A spectrum analysis simulation was performed to ensure that the signal is radiated with sufficient power and with uncongested frequencies, it is crucial to ensure compliance with the wireless communications regulations in force in Canada.

6 Equipment and antennas: Research and choose the right equipment and antennas for your point-to-point link. You can opt for specific equipment for long distance and high-capacity links, such as high gain directional antennas and long-range radios. Equipment and antennas: Researching datasheets we select the appropriate equipment and antennas for the point-to-point link. The group opted for specific equipment for long distance and high-capacity links, such as high gain directional antennas and long-range radios. The airFiber® AF-5XHD is Ubiquiti's brand, designed for use in the 5 GHz frequency band, first LTU radio, offering greater channel bandwidths of up to 100 MHz, and more advanced RF components.

7 After analyzing every communication solution and compare with each other [2] , according to us, Point to Point Wireless communication is suitable for our Mississauga and Hamilton offices. Communication Solution Pros Cons 1. Microwave Links  High Bandwidth  Good for long range  Installation is complex.  Require line of sight above the mountain 2. Fiber Optic Connection  Reliable Communication  High Bandwidth  Require high investment. 3. Point-to-Point Wireless  Independent of Internet  High Speed  Remove height problem with elevated antennas  Challenge due to surface  Mountain obstruction  Installation challenges 4. Satellite Communicatio n  Good Connectivity  Wide area  Fast speed  High cost  Transmission Delay  Long Response time With these technical and geographic considerations in mind, a detailed plan was determined that addresses every relevant aspect of wireless communications, ensuring a successful and reliable wireless connection between Mississauga and Hamilton.

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8 3. Topic 3 – Type of Encryption Research the types of wireless encryption mentioned in the lectures. Which one would you pick if you must implement it in your Hamilton branch office? Your office has 200 endpoints, with 17 in-house servers and 21 cloud applications, and you constantly need to have a VPN connection to your main office in Mississauga. Encryption methods In our research we found that as per the datasheet of device station 1 and 2 1. AES 256 – airfiber 5XHD 34dbi - 2. WPA3 Enhanced Security: WPA3 provides stronger encryption algorithms, making it more difficult for unauthorized users to intercept and decipher the transmitted data. It offers improved protection against various attack methods, such as offline dictionary attacks and brute-force attacks. Individualized Data Encryptio n: WPA3 introduces individualized data encryption, also known as Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE). This feature ensures that each device has its own unique encryption key, adding an extra layer of security to the wireless network. Protection against Password Guessing: WPA3 introduces Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) protocol, which replaces the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) method used in WPA2. SAE prevents offline password-guessing attacks by making it more challenging for attackers to guess or brute-force the network password. Forward Secrecy: WPA3 incorporates Forward Secrecy, which generates a new encryption key for each session. This means that even if an attacker manages to capture and decrypt one session's data, they will not be able to use that key to decrypt previous or subsequent sessions. 1. Wpa2 - At the event that you need to establish wireless encryption in your Hamilton branch office, WPA2 is the solution that you should go with. This solution will offer the highest level of protection for all 200 endpoints, 17 servers located within your office, and 21 apps hosted in the cloud. Another option for companies with locations in Mississauga and Hamilton is a point-to- multipoint (P2MP) system. This type of system uses a central base station to connect to multiple locations. P2MP systems are typically less expensive than P2P systems, but they may not offer the same performance and reliability.

9 The most common type of wireless encryption is WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). WEP is a basic form of encryption that is supported by most wireless routers and devices. However, WEP is not as secure as other forms of encryption, such as WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) or WPA2. If security is a concern, you may want to consider using a different form of encryption for your Hamilton branch office. Comparison table Encryption Standard Encryption Methods Security Strength Device support Business Usage Data Integrity 1. WEP (Wired equivalent Privacy) RC (Rivest Cipher)4 stream cipher it uses 40 bit or 104 bit key Basic security Compatible with older devices. But not recommend No usage CRC-32 2. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) Stronger than WEP provides basic security Can support older software No enterprise usage Message Integrity Code 3. WPA 2 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Stronger than WPA offers increased security Only compatible with new devices and softwares Has enterprise usage solution CBC-MAC 4. WPA 3 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Very strong Compatible with newer devices. WPA3 is gradually widespread. Enterprise solution Secure Hash Algorithm

10 References [1] Johnson, M., & Smith, A. (2022). Wireless Point-to-Point Communication for Long- Distance Links: Challenges and Considerations. International Journal of Wireless Communication, 15(2), 45-62. [2] Chen, L., & Patel, S. (2021). Technical and Geographical Considerations for Establishing Wireless Point-to-Point Links in Urban Environments. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 20(7), 4321-4335.

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