final_exam
txt
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New Jersey Institute Of Technology *
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Course
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Subject
Computer Science
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
txt
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42
Uploaded by BrigadierTigerPerson38
1. What command is used to create a new directory in the Linux command line?
a. `create`
b. `mkdir` (Answer)
c. `newdir`
d. `dircreate`
2. Which command is used to display the current working directory in the Linux terminal?
a. `showdir`
b. `pwd` (Answer)
c. `dir`
d. `currentdir`
3. What does the command `chmod +x script.sh` do?
a. Grants execute permission to the owner of the script
b. Grants execute permission to everyone (Answer)
c. Removes execute permission from the script
d. Changes the script's name to "script.sh"
4. The `ls` command is used for:
a. Listing files and directories (Answer)
b. Creating a new file
c. Deleting a directory
d. Renaming a file
5. What command is used to search for a specific text within files?
a. `find`
b. `grep` (Answer)
c. `search`
d. `locate`
6. Which symbol is used for input/output redirection in Linux?
a. `<`
b. `>` (Answer)
c. `|`
d. `&`
7. What is the purpose of the `head` command in Linux?
a. Displays the last lines of a file
b. Displays the middle portion of a file
c. Displays the first lines of a file (Answer)
d. Creates a new file
8. The command `ps aux | grep process` is used to:
a. List all processes
b. Display detailed information about a specific process
c. Search for a specific process (Answer)
d. Kill a process
9. What does the `whoami` command do?
a. Displays the list of users
b. Shows the current user's username (Answer)
c. Changes the current user
d. Displays the system information
10. The command `echo $SHELL` is used to:
a. Display the current shell (Answer)
b. Create a new shell
c. Rename the shell
d. Remove the shell
11. True/False: The command `chmod 777 file.txt` gives read, write, and execute permissions to everyone. (True)
12. True/False: In Linux, file and directory names are case-insensitive. (False)
13. True/False: The `mv` command is used to copy files in Linux. (False)
14. True/False: The `grep` command is used for searching text within files. (True)
15. True/False: The `rm -r directory` command deletes the directory and its contents recursively. (True)
16. True/False: The command `ls -l` displays a detailed list of files and directories. (True)
17. True/False: The `chown` command is used to change file permissions in Linux. (False)
18. True/False: The command `cat file1 file2 > newfile` appends the contents of `file1` and `file2` into `newfile`. (True)
19. True/False: The symbol `~` in the Linux command line represents the root directory. (True)
20. True/False: The `tar` command is used for compression in Linux. (False)
21. The command to change the ownership of a file to a specific user is `chown
username:filename`.
22. To navigate to the parent directory of the current directory, the command is `cd ..`.
23. The command to display the last 10 lines of a file is `tail 10`.
24. The command to create an empty file named "example.txt" is `touch example.txt`.
25. The pipe (`|`) symbol is used to connect the output of one command to the input
of another. For example, `command1 | command2`.
26. The command to find all files with a specific extension in the current directory and its subdirectories is `find . -type f -name *.extension`.
27. The command to unzip a file named "archive.zip" is `unzip archive.zip`.
28. To grant read and write permissions to the owner of a file, the command is `chmod 600 file.txt`.
29. The command to create a symbolic link named "link" pointing to a file named "target.txt" is `ln -s "target.txt"`.
30. The command to display the current date and time is `date +%c`.
31. What is the correct syntax to declare and initialize an array in Bash?
a. `array=(1, 2, 3)`
b. `array=[1 2 3]`
c. `array={1,2,3}`
d. `array=(1 2 3)` (Answer)
32. In Bash, what does the `(( ... ))` syntax indicate?
a. String interpolation
b. Command substitution
c. Arithmetic evaluation (Answer)
d. Conditional statement
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33. Which loop construct is used for iterating over a range of numbers in Bash?
a. `for` (Answer)
b. `while`
c. `do-while`
d. `until`
34. What is the purpose of the `read` command in Bash scripting?
a. Print output to the console
b. Read user input from the console (Answer)
c. Display the contents of a file
d. Execute a shell command
35. Which statement is used for checking if a file exists in a Bash script?
a. `if [ -e file.txt ]` (Answer)
b. `if file.txt exists`
c. `if -f file.txt`
d. `if file.txt`
36. What is the output of the following code snippet?
```bash
counter=0
while [ $counter -lt 5 ]; do
echo $counter
((counter++))
done
```
a. 0 1 2 3 4 (Answer)
b. 1 2 3 4 5
c. 0 1 2 3
d. 1 2 3 4
3. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
str="Hello, World!"
echo ${str:0:5}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. Hello (Answer)
b. World!
c. Hello,
d. , Wor
38. What does the following `if` statement check for in Bash?
```bash
if [[ -d /path/to/directory ]]; then
echo "Directory exists."
else
echo "Directory does not exist."
fi
```
a. Checks if the directory is empty
b. Checks if the directory exists (Answer)
c. Checks if the directory is writable
d. Checks if the directory is readable
39. True/False: The `case` statement in Bash is used for pattern matching. (True)
40. True/False: In Bash, the `$#` variable represents the number of arguments passed to a script or function. (True)
41. What is the output of the following code snippet?
```bash
array=("apple" "banana" "cherry")
for fruit in "${array[@]}"; do
echo $fruit
done
```
a. apple banana cherry (Answer)
b. apple
c. banana
d. cherry
42. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
num1=5
num2=3
result=$((num1 + num2))
echo $result
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 8 (Answer)
b. 15
c. 53
d. 5+3
43. To check if two strings are equal in Bash, use the syntax `if [ str1 ==
str2 ]`.
44. The syntax for a `for` loop that iterates over elements in an array is `for element in "${array[@]}"; do`.
45. The `[[ ... ]]` construct in Bash is an extended test command that provides support for pattern matching.
46. What is the output of the following code snippet?
```bash
counter=3
until [ $counter -eq 0 ]; do
echo $counter
((counter--))
done
```
a. 3 2 1 0
b. 0 1 2 3
c. 3 2 1 (Answer)
d. 0 1 2
47. To redirect both standard output and standard error to a file in Bash, use the syntax `command &> file.log`.
48. The `if-else` statement in Bash follows the format `if [ condition ]; then`.
49. What is the output of the following code snippet?
```bash
name="John"
greeting="Hello, $name!"
echo $greeting
```
a. Hello, John! (Answer)
b. $greeting
c. Hello, $name!
d. John
50. To perform arithmetic operations in Bash, use the `(( ... ))` construct. For example, to increment a variable `count`, you can use `(( count++ ))`.
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51. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
numbers=(2 4 6 8 10)
result=0
for num in "${numbers[@]}"; do
((result += num / 2))
done
echo $result
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 15 (Answer)
b. 10 c. 12 d. 8 52.To declare a global variable inside a Bash function, you can use the `declare -
g` keyword.
53. True/False: The `select` statement in Bash is used for creating menus in scripts. (True)
54. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
word="programming"
echo ${word:3:4}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. gram (Answer)
b. ogra c. gramming d. ammi 55. In Bash scripting, what does the `trap` command do?
a. Captures and handles signals (Answer)
b. Creates traps for pests c. Sets up conditional traps d. Manages file traps
56. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
array=("apple" "banana" "cherry")
echo ${#array[@]}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 3 (Answer)
b. 2 c. apple banana cherry
d. 6 57. True/False: In Bash scripting, the `shift` command can be used to shift both positional and special parameters. (True)
58. To iterate over the keys of an associative array in Bash, you can use `for key in "${!array[@]}"; do`.
59. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
function multiply {
echo $(( $1 * $2 ))
}
result=$(multiply 4 5)
echo $result
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 20 (Answer)
b. 9 c. 45 d. $(multiply 4 5) 60. In Bash, what does the `shopt` command control?
a. Shell options (Answer)
b. Shell scripts c. Shortcut commands d. Shell processes 61. Consider the following command:
```bash
echo "123" | grep -o "[0-9]\{2,3\}"
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 12 b. 23 c. 123 (Answer)
d. No output 62. In sed, the command `s/\(.*\)/\L\1/` converts the entire line to lower-case.
63. The sed command `s/\([aeiou]\)/\U\1/g` capitalizes vowels in a line.
64. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
word="programming"
echo ${word:3:4}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. gram (Answer)
b. ogra c. gramming d. ammi 65. The regex pattern "(?<=@)\w+" matches domain name in an email address.
66. True/False: In regular expressions, the dot (.) metacharacter matches any character except a newline. (True)
67. True/False: The regex pattern "[^0-9]" matches any non-digit character. (True)
68. True/False: In grep, the option `-E` is used to enable extended regular expressions. (True)
69. True/False: The sed command `s/[^a-zA-Z]//g` removes all non-alphabetic characters from a line. (True)
70. True/False: The regex pattern "(abc|def)" matches either "abc" or "def" in a string.
71. The sed command `s/^\(.*\)$/\L\1/` converts the entire line to lower.
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72. The regex pattern "\s+" matches at least one whitespace.
73. In sed, the command `s/\(.*\)/\1 \1/` duplicates line in a line.
74. The grep command `grep -oP '\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}' file.txt` extracts SSN from a file.
75. The regex pattern "(?i)begin\w*" matches that starts with begin with other word
case-insensitive.
76. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
text="The quick brown fox"
echo $text | sed 's/\b\(\w\)\w*\b/\1/g'
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. T q b f (Answer)
b. The quick brown fox c. t q b f
d. T G B F
77. In regex, what does the "?" quantifier represent?
a. Matches zero or one occurrence of the preceding character (Answer)
b. Matches one or more occurrences of the preceding character c. Matches zero or more occurrences of the preceding character d. Matches exactly one occurrence of the preceding character 78. Consider the following command:
```bash
echo "hello world" | grep -o '\<\w\+\>'
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. hello b. world c. hello world (Answer)
d. \<\w\+\> 79. The sed command `s/[^[:digit:]]//g` removes all non-digit from a line.
80. True/False In regular expressions, the pipe "|" symbol is used for grouping patterns.
81. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
word="openai"
echo $word | grep -oP '\w{1,2}'
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. op (Answer)
b. en c. ai d. openai 82. What does the regex pattern "(?!not)\w+" match?
a. Any word that starts with "not" b. Any word that does not contain "not" (Answer)
c. Any word that ends with "not" d. Any word that is exactly "not" 83. In sed, the command `s/\([aeiou]\)/\1\1/g` doubles any vowels in a line.
84. True/False: The grep command `grep -c 'pattern' file.txt` counts the number of lines that match the pattern in the file. (True)
85. Consider the following Bash code:
```bash
echo "apple orange banana" | sed 's/\w\+/(&)/g'
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. (apple) (orange) (banana) (Answer)
b. (a) (o) (b) c. (ap) (or) (ba) d. apple orange banana 86. The grep command `grep -E '^\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}$' file.txt` searches for SSH in a
file.
87. True/False: In regex, the square brackets "[ ]" are used for defining character
classes. (True)
88. Consider the following command:
```bash
echo "apple 123 orange" | grep -oP '\b\d{2,3}\b'
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 123 (Answer)
b. 2 c. orange d. No output 89. In sed, what does the command `s/\([aeiou]\)\([aeiou]\)/\2\1/g` do?
a. Swaps adjacent vowels (Answer)
b. Doubles each vowel c. Removes all vowels d. Adds "aeiou" after each vowel 90. The regex pattern "(?<=@)\w+" matches domain name in an email address.
91. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 5, y = 3;
int result = x & y;
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
101
011
001
What will be printed to the console?
a. 5 b. 3 c. 1 (Answer)
d. 0
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92. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 5;
int result = (x << 2) | (x >> 1);
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
10100 | 00010 = 10110
What will be printed to the console?
a. 22 (answer) b. 13 c. 10 d. 17 93. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 7, b = 3;
int result = a ^ b;
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
111
011
100
What will be printed to the console?
a. 4 (Answer)
b. 5 c. 6 d. 3 94. In C, the expression `y = x & 0;` sets the rightmost bit of `y` to 0.
95. If `a = 12`, the result of the expression `a >>= 2;` is 48.
110000
96. The C code snippet `int result = ~(1 << 4);` sets the fifth bit to 0.
10000
97. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 10, y = 6;
int result = x | y;
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 14 b. 6 c. 10 d. 4 98. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
unsigned int a = 15;
a <<= 2;
printf("%u\n", a);
return 0;
}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 15 b. 30 c. 60 d. 10 99. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 5, b = 3;
int result = a ^ b;
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 6 b. 7 c. 2 d. 0 100. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 15, y = 7;
int result = x >> 1;
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 15 b. 7 c. 8 d. 3 101. True/False: In C, the expression `(x >> 1) + (x << 1)` is equivalent to multiplying `x` by 2.
102. True/False: The result of the expression `y = (x << 1) | (x >> 1)` is always equal to `x`.
103. In C, the expression `x = (1 << 3) & (1 << 1);` sets the ________________ bit of `x`.
104. If `a = 9`, the result of the expression `a &= (1 << 2);` is ________________.
105. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 10, y = 4;
int result = x ^ y;
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
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What will be printed to the console?
a. 14 b. 6 c. 10 d. 4 106. Consider the following C code:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 8, y = 3;
int result = (x >> 2) | (y << 1);
printf("%d\n", result);
return 0;
}
```
What will be printed to the console?
a. 2 b. 5 c. 3 d. 8 107. In C, what does the expression `~(1 << 2)` do?
a. Flips the second bit to 1 b. Inverts all the bits in the result of `1 << 2` c. Shifts all bits of `1 << 2` to the right d. Sets the second bit to 0 108. True/False: In C, the result of `x <<= 3` is equivalent to multiplying `x` by 3.
109. True/False: The expression `y = (x << 2) & 7;` in C extracts the three least significant bits of `x`.
110. In C, the expression `x |= 1 << 2;` sets the ________________ bit of `x` to 1.
111. In C, what does the `malloc` function do?
a. Allocates memory for a variable on the stack
b. Allocates memory for a variable on the heap (Answer)
c. Frees memory on the heap
d. Allocates memory for a constant
112. Which of the following correctly declares a pointer to an integer in C?
a. `int *ptr;` (Answer)
b. `ptr int;`
c. `int &ptr;`
d. `ptr *int;`
113. What is the purpose of the `sizeof` operator in C?
a. Returns the size of a variable in bytes (Answer)
b. Returns the size of a pointer in bits
c. Returns the size of the entire program
d. Returns the size of the heap memory
114. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = arr;
printf("%d\n", *ptr + 2);
return 0;
}
```
a. 1 b. 3 (Answer)
c. 4 d. 5 115. How do you access the third element of an array `arr` using pointer arithmetic
in C?
a. `*(arr + 3)` (answer)
b. `arr[3]`
c. `&arr[3]`
d. `arr + 3`
116. What does the `free` function do in C?
a. Allocates memory on the heap
b. Releases allocated memory on the heap (Answer)
c. Frees memory on the stack
d. Initializes a pointer to NULL
117. Which keyword in C is used to dynamically allocate memory for an array?
a. `dynamic`
b. `alloc`
c. `malloc` (Answer)
d. `new`
118. What is the purpose of the `void` pointer in C?
a. Points to NULL
b. Points to any data type (Answer)
c. Points to void data type only
d. Points to the main function
119. In C, what does the arrow operator (`->`) do?
a. Accesses the value pointed to by a pointer (Answer)
b. Compares two pointers
c. Creates a pointer variable
d. Assigns a value to a pointer
120. What is the correct syntax to declare a function pointer in C?
a. `int (*funcptr)();` (Answer)
b. `funcptr int();`
c. `int *funcptr();`
d. `funcptr *int();`
121. In C, what does the `calloc` function do?
a. Allocates memory for a variable on the stack
b. Allocates memory for a variable on the heap and initializes it to zero (Answer)
c. Frees memory on the heap
d. Allocates memory for a constant
122. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = &arr[2];
printf("%d\n", *ptr);
return 0;
}
```
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 (Answer)
d. 4 123. In C, what is the purpose of the `realloc` function?
a. Allocates memory on the heap
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b. Releases allocated memory on the heap
c. Resizes the memory block pointed to by a pointer (Answer)
d. Initializes a pointer to NULL
124. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = arr + 3;
printf("%d\n", *ptr);
return 0;
}
```
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 (Answer)
125. In C, what is the purpose of the `memcpy` function?
a. Moves a block of memory to another location (Answer)
b. Allocates memory on the heap
c. Frees memory on the heap
d. Initializes a pointer to NULL
126. True/False: In C, a pointer can only store memory addresses. (False)
127. True/False: The `sizeof` operator in C returns the size of the pointer variable. (True)
128. True/False: In C, the `void` pointer cannot be dereferenced. (False)
129. True/False: The `calloc` function in C is used to allocate a single block of memory. (False)
130. True/False: The `realloc` function in C may move the existing memory block to a new location. (True)
131. In C, the syntax to allocate memory for an integer variable dynamically is `int *ptr = malloc(sizeof(int));`.
132. The C code `int arr[5]; int *ptr = arr; ptr += 2;` makes `ptr` point to the third element of `arr`.
133. The `memset` function in C is used to set a block of memory to a specific value.
134. The C code `int x = 10; int *ptr = &x; printf("%p", ptr);` prints the memory address of variable `x`.
135. True/False In C, the syntax to declare a pointer to a function that takes an integer parameter and returns a float is `float (*funcPtr)(int);`. (True)
136. The C code `int arr[] = {1, 2, 3}; int *ptr = arr; printf("%d", *ptr);` prints
the value of the first element of `arr`.
137. The `free` function in C is used to deallocate memory that was previously allocated by malloc/alloc.
138. The C code `int arr[5]; int *ptr = arr; ptr[2] = 8;` assigns the value 8 to the third element of `arr`.
139. In C, the syntax to declare a function that takes a pointer to an integer as a
parameter is `void func(int *param)`.
140. The C code `int arr[] = {1, 2, 3}; int *ptr = arr; ptr++;` makes `ptr` point to the next element of `arr`.
141. In C, what is the correct way to declare a pointer to a pointer to an integer?
a. `int **ptr;` (Answer)
b. `int *ptr*;`
c. `int *ptr[];`
d. `int &ptr;`
142. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 5;
int *ptr1 = &x;
int **ptr2 = &ptr1;
printf("%d\n", **ptr2);
return 0;
}
```
a. 5 (Answer)
b. 10 c. 0 d. Compiler error 143. How do you dynamically allocate memory for a 2D array of integers in C?
a. `int arr[][] = malloc(rows * cols * sizeof(int));`
b. `int **arr = malloc(rows * cols * sizeof(int));`
c. `int (*arr)[cols] = malloc(rows * sizeof(int));`
d. `int **arr = malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));`
144. In C, what is the purpose of a pointer to an array?
a. Points to the first element of the array
b. Stores the size of the array
c. Points to the last element of the array
d. Represents the array as a single variable 145. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = arr;
printf("%d\n", *ptr + 2);
return 0;
}
```
a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 146. How do you declare a dynamic array of pointers in C?
a. `int *arr[];`
b. `int arr*[];`
c. `int **arr;`
d. `int *arr;`
147. What is the correct syntax to allocate memory for a dynamic 2D array of integers in C?
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a. `int **arr = malloc(rows * cols * sizeof(int));`
b. `int **arr = malloc(rows * sizeof(int *));`
c. `int (*arr)[cols] = malloc(rows * sizeof(int));`
d. `int **arr = malloc(rows * cols * sizeof(int));`
148. In C, what does the expression `argv[1]` represent in the `main` function?
a. The first command-line argument
b. The name of the program
c. The environment variables
d. The return value of the program 149. How do you pass a 2D array as a function parameter in C?
a. `void func(int arr[][]);`
b. `void func(int *arr[]);`
c. `void func(int (*arr)[cols]);`
d. `void func(int **arr);`
150. What is the purpose of the `environ` variable in C when dealing with environment variables?
a. Represents the environment variables as an array of pointers
b. Points to the first environment variable
c. Stores the number of environment variables
d. Determines the program's execution environment
151. In C, what is the correct way to initialize a pointer to a constant string?
```c
const char *ptr = ________________;
```
a. `char str[] = "constant";`
b. `"constant";` (Answer)
c. `"constant\0";`
d. `const char str[] = "constant";`
152. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
printf("%s\n", argv[0]);
return 0;
}
```
a. The program's name (Answer)
b. The first command-line argument c. The number of command-line arguments
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d. The value of `argc`
153. How do you declare a function pointer in C that takes an integer parameter and
returns a pointer to an array of floats?
a. `float* (*funcPtr)(int);`
b. `float (*funcPtr)[];
c. `float (*funcPtr)(int);` (Answer)
d. `float (*funcPtr)(int)[];`
154. What is the correct way to access an environment variable named "PATH" in C?
a. `getenv("PATH");` (Answer)
b. `environ("PATH");`
c. `env("PATH");`
d. `getenv(PATH);`
155. In C, what does the `strtok` function do?
a. Searches for a substring in a string
b. Converts a string to uppercase
c. Tokenizes a string based on delimiters (Answer)
d. Compares two strings 156. True/False: In C, a pointer to a pointer can be used to represent a 2D array. (True)
157. True/False: The `sizeof` operator in C returns the size of a pointer variable.
(True)
158. True/False: A dynamic 2D array in C is stored in contiguous memory locations. (True)
159. True/False: The `argv` parameter in the `main` function is an array of pointers to strings. (False)
160. True/False: The `free` function in C is used to deallocate memory occupied by environment variables. (False)
161. In C, the syntax to declare a pointer to a pointer to an integer is `int **ptr;`.
162. The C code `int arr[3][4]; int (*ptr)[4] = arr;` makes `ptr` point to the first row of `arr`.
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163. The correct syntax to dynamically allocate memory for a 2D array of integers in C is `int **arr = malloc(row * sizeof(int));`.
164. To access the value in a 2D array `arr` at the intersection of the fourth row and third column, you can use the expression `arr[3][2]`.
165. The `setenv` function in C is used to set the value of an environment variable.
166. In the C code `char *envp[]`, `envp` is an array of pointers to environment values.
167. To pass a 2D array to a function in C, you can declare the function parameter as `int (*arr)[cols]`.
168. The C code `int arr[3][4]; int *ptr = &arr[0][0]; ptr += 5;` makes `ptr` point
to the second row second column element of `arr`.
169. The `atoi` function in C returns an integer value.
170. To free the memory allocated for a dynamic 2D array in C, you should iterate over each row and use `free(arr[i]);` followed by `free(arr);`.
171. What is the purpose of a structure in C?
a. To define a function b. To create a linked list c. To group variables of different data types (Answer)
d. To allocate dynamic memory
172. How do you access a member variable `age` of a structure variable `person` in C?
a. `person[age]` b. `person.age` (Answer)
c. `person->age` d. `age(person)`
173. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
struct Point {
int x;
int y;
};
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int main() {
struct Point p = {5, 10};
printf("%d\n", p.x + p.y);
return 0;
}
```
a. 15 (Answer)
b. 5 c. 10 d. 25
174. How do you declare a structure pointer variable in C?
a. `struct Point p;` b. `Point *p;` c. `struct *Point p;` (Answer)
d. `Point.struct p;`
175. What does the `malloc` function do in the context of a linked list in C?
a. Allocates memory for a structure variable b. Allocates memory for a linked list node (Answer)
c. Allocates memory for a function d. Allocates memory for an array
176. How do you traverse a linked list in C?
a. Using a `for` loop b. Using recursion c. Using a `while` loop (Answer)
d. Using the `goto` statement
177. What is the purpose of the `next` pointer in a linked list node in C?
a. Points to the previous node b. Points to the next node in the list (Answer)
c. Stores the value of the node d. Points to the first node in the list
178. How do you add a new node to the end of a linked list in C?
a. Using the `malloc` function b. Setting the `next` pointer of the last node to the new node (Answer)
c. Deleting the last node and adding a new one d. Using the `free` function
179. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
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struct Node {
int data;
struct Node *next;
};
int main() {
struct Node *head = NULL;
head = malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
head->data = 10;
head->next = NULL;
printf("%d\n", head->data);
return 0;
}
```
a. 0 b. 10 (Answer)
c. Garbage value d. Compilation error
180. How do you delete a node with data value `value` from a linked list in C?
a. Setting the `data` field of the node to zero b. Setting the `next` pointer of the previous node to the next node (Answer)
c. Using the `free` function d. Creating a new node with the desired data value
181. In C, how do you define a structure named `Book` with members `title` and `author` of type `char` and an `int` member `pages`?
a. ```c
struct Book {
title;
author;
int pages;
};
```
b. ```c
struct Book {
char title;
char author;
int pages;
};
```
c. (Answer)
```c
struct Book {
char title[50];
char author[50];
int pages;
};
```
d. ```c
struct Book {
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char title[50];
int pages;
char author[50];
};
```
182. What is the purpose of the `->` operator in C?
a. Arithmetic subtraction b. Structure member access through a pointer (Answer)
c. Logical OR operation d. Increment operator
183. How do you declare a linked list node structure in C named `ListNode` that stores an integer value and has a pointer to the next node?
a. ```c
struct ListNode {
int data;
};
```
b. (Answer)
```c
struct ListNode {
int data;
struct ListNode *next;
};
```
c. ```c
struct ListNode {
int *data;
struct ListNode *next;
};
```
d. ```c
struct ListNode {
int next;
struct ListNode *data;
};
```
184. What is the output of the following C code?
```c
#include <stdio.h>
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node *next;
};
void printList(struct Node *node) {
while (node != NULL) {
printf("%d ", node->data);
node = node->next;
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}
}
int main() {
struct Node *head = NULL;
struct Node *second = NULL;
struct Node *third = NULL;
head = malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
second = malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
third = malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
head->data = 1;
head->next = second;
second->data = 2;
second->next = third;
third->data = 3;
third->next = NULL;
printList(head);
return 0;
}
```
a. 1 2 3 (Answer)
b. 3 2 1 c. 1 1 1 d. Compilation error
185. How do you declare an array of structures in C?
a. `struct arr[];` (Answer)
b. `struct[] arr;` c. `struct arr;` d. `struct type arr[];` 186. True/False: In C, a structure can contain members of different data types. (True)
187. True/False: A linked list can be implemented using an array in C. (False)
188. True/False: The `malloc` function is used to allocate memory for a linked list
node. (True)
189. True/False: A linked list can only be traversed in a forward direction. (True)
190. True/False: The `free` function in C is used to deallocate memory used by a linked list node. (True)
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191. In C, the syntax to declare a structure named `Person` with members `name` and
`age` is `struct Person { char name[50]; int age; };`.
192. To access the `age` member of a structure variable `person`, you can use the expression `person.age`.
193. The C code `struct Node { int data; struct Node *next; };` defines a structure
for a node.
194. To add a new node with data value `value` to the end of a linked list in C, you can create a new node using `malloc` and set the `next` pointer of the last node to the new node.
195. The `NULL` pointer in C is commonly used to indicate the end of a linked list.
196. In C, the `sizeof` operator is used to determine the size of a structure or variable.
197. To delete a node with data value `value` from a linked list in C, you need to adjust the `next` pointer of the previous node to skip the target node.
198. The C code `struct Point { int x; int y; }; struct Point p = {5, 10};` initializes a structure variable `p` with specific values for `x` and `y`.
199. In C, to declare a pointer to a structure named `Employee`, you can use the syntax `struct Employee *ptr;`.
200. The `->` operator in C is used to access the pointer of a structure through a pointer.
201. What does A* search algorithm use to determine the order in which nodes are expanded?
a. Depth-First Search (DFS) b. Breadth-First Search (BFS) c. Random selection d. Heuristic function (Answer)
202. What is the main advantage of the A* search algorithm over simple algorithms like BFS or DFS?
a. It always finds the optimal solution. (Answer)
b. It guarantees the shortest path. c. It uses a heuristic function to guide the search. d. It has a lower time complexity.
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203. In the context of the 8-puzzle problem, what is the state space?
a. The set of all possible arrangements of the puzzle pieces (Answer)
b. The number of steps required to solve the puzzle c. The initial configuration of the puzzle d. The goal configuration of the puzzle 204. What does the Manhattan distance measure in the context of pathfinding algorithms?
a. The straight-line distance between two points b. The distance traveled along a path c. The distance between two cities d. The sum of the absolute differences in the x and y coordinates (Answer)
205. In A* search, what is the role of the heuristic function?
a. It guides the search towards the goal. (Answer)
b. It ensures a depth-first exploration. c. It randomly selects nodes for expansion. d. It guarantees the optimality of the solution. 206. What is the purpose of the closed set in the A* search algorithm?
a. To store nodes that have been expanded b. To store nodes that have not been visited yet c. To store nodes that are on the path to the goal d. To store nodes that have already been evaluated (Answer)
207. What does the term "backtracking" refer to in the context of state space search?
a. Reversing the order of visited nodes b. Repeating the search from the goal state (Answer)
c. Exploring a different path after reaching a dead end d. Ignoring the heuristic function 208. In the 8-puzzle problem, how is the blank tile typically represented?
a. 0 (Answer)
b. 8 c. -1 d. Blank 209. What does the term "admissible heuristic" mean in the context of A* search?
a. A heuristic that overestimates the cost to reach the goal b. A heuristic that underestimates the cost to reach the goal c. A heuristic that guarantees optimality (Answer)
d. A heuristic that considers only the current state 210. What is the primary drawback of using a heuristic that is not admissible in A*
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search?
a. It may lead to an infinite loop. b. It may not find the optimal solution. c. It increases the time complexity. d. It results in a higher memory usage. (Answer)
211. What is the primary goal of the A* search algorithm?
a. To explore all possible states b. To find the shortest path between two points c. To find the optimal solution in terms of cost (Answer)
d. To minimize the number of expanded nodes 212. What is the primary advantage of Breadth-First Search (BFS) over Depth-First Search (DFS) in state space search?
a. BFS requires less memory. b. BFS is generally faster. (Answer)
c. BFS guarantees the shortest path. d. BFS is more suitable for parallel processing. 213. What is the purpose of the open set in A* search?
a. To store nodes that have been visited b. To store nodes that are candidates for future expansion (Answer)
c. To store nodes that have already been evaluated d. To store nodes that are on the path to the goal 214. What is the time complexity of A* search in the worst-case scenario?
a. O(1) b. O(log n) c. O(n log n) d. O(b^d) (Answer)
215. In A* search, what is the role of the g(n) function in the evaluation of nodes?
a. It represents the cost of reaching the current state. (Answer)
b. It represents the heuristic value of the current state. c. It represents the depth of the current state. d. It represents the total cost from the start state to the current state. 216. A* search combines the benefits of BFS and DFS by using a heuristic to guide the search while guaranteeing optimality.
217. In the context of the 8-puzzle, a heuristic function based on the Manhattan distance is commonly used to estimate the remaining cost to reach the goal state.
218. The A* search algorithm uses a priority queue to efficiently select nodes with
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the lowest g(n) + h(n) values for expansion.
219. The state space of a problem represents all possible states that can be reached during the search.
220. The A* search algorithm terminates when it finds a goal state and reconstructs
the optimal path using the parent pointers stored in each node.
221. Consider the following HTML snippet:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Web Scraping Quiz</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="content">
<h1>Welcome to Web Scraping Quiz</h1>
<ul>
<li>Question 1</li>
<li>Question 2</li>
<li>Question 3</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
```
What Python code using BeautifulSoup would extract the text content of the `<h1>` tag?
a. ```python
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = "url_of_html_file"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
h1_text = soup.h1.text
```
b. (Answer)
```python
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = "url_of_html_file"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
h1_text = soup.find('h1').text
```
c. ```python
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import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = "url_of_html_file"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
h1_text = soup.find_all('h1').text
```
d. ```python
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = "url_of_html_file"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
h1_text = soup.select_one('h1').text
```
222. Consider the following HTML table:
```html
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alice</td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
</table>
```
What Python code using BeautifulSoup would extract the age of Alice?
a. ```python
age = soup.find('tr', text='Alice').find_next('td').text
```
b. ```python
age = soup.find('td', text='Alice').find_next('td').text
```
c. (Answer)
```python
age = soup.find('tr', text='Alice').find('td').text
```
d. ```python
age = soup.find('tr', text='Alice').find_previous('td').text
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```
223. Given the following Python code using BeautifulSoup to extract all hyperlinks (`<a>` tags) from a webpage:
```python
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = "url_of_webpage"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
links = soup.find_all('a', href=True)
# Fill in the blank to print the URLs of all hyperlinks
for link in links:
print(link.href)
```
Fill in the blank with the appropriate attribute to print the URLs of all hyperlinks.
224. Consider the following Python code snippet using pymongo to insert a document into a MongoDB collection:
```python
from pymongo import MongoClient
client = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')
db = client['web_scraping_db']
collection = db['web_data']
# Fill in the blanks to insert a document with key 'name' and value 'John'
data = {'name': 'John'}
collection.insert(data)
```
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate MongoDB method to insert a document.
225. Consider the following HTML table:
```html
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alice</td>
<td>30</td>
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</tr>
</table>
```
What Python code using BeautifulSoup would extract the names from all table rows (`<tr>` tags)?
```python
names = [name.text for name in soup.find_all('tr')[1:]]
```
226. True/False: BeautifulSoup can be used to parse and navigate both HTML and XML documents. (True)
227. True/False: The `requests` library in Python is used for parsing HTML content.
(True)
228. True/False: In MongoDB, the `find_one()` method returns a cursor to all documents in a collection. (False)
229. True/False: The `soup.select()` method in BeautifulSoup is used to find elements based on CSS selectors. (True)
230. True/False: MongoDB documents must have a predefined structure, and fields need to be declared before insertion. (True)
231. Consider the following HTML snippet:
```html
<div class="container">
<p class="intro">This is an introductory paragraph.</p>
<ul>
<li class="item">Item 1</li>
<li class="item">Item 2</li>
<li class="item">Item 3</li>
</ul>
</div>
```
What Python code using BeautifulSoup would extract the text content of the second list item (`<li>`)?
a. (Answer)
```python
item_text = soup.find_all('li')[1].text
```
b. ```python
item_text = soup.select_one('.item:nth-of-type(2)').text
```
c. ```python
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item_text = soup.find('.item', index=1).text
```
d. ```python
item_text = soup.find('.item').find_next_sibling().text
```
232. In MongoDB, what does the `$push` operator do when used in an update operation?
a. Adds a new document to the collection b. Appends a value to an array field (Answer)
c. Updates the entire collection d. Removes a document from the collection 233. Given the HTML code:
```html
<ul>
<li class="fruit">Apple</li>
<li class="fruit">Banana</li>
<li class="vegetable">Carrot</li>
<li class="fruit">Orange</li>
</ul>
```
What Python code using BeautifulSoup would extract the text content of all elements
with the class "fruit"?
a. (Answer)
```python
fruits = soup.find_all('li', class_='fruit')
```
b. ```python
fruits = soup.find_all('.fruit')
```
c. ```python
fruits = soup.select('.fruit')
```
d. ```python
fruits = soup.find_all('li').find_all(class_='fruit')
```
234. In MongoDB, what is the purpose of an index?
a. To define the data type of a field b. To establish a unique constraint on a field (Answer)
c. To optimize query performance on a field d. To set the default value for a field
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235. Consider the following Python code snippet using `requests` and `BeautifulSoup`:
```python
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = "url_of_webpage"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
```
What does `response.text` contain?
a. The response headers b. The HTML content of the webpage (Answer)
c. The status code of the HTTP request d. The cookies associated with the response 236. Given the HTML code:
```html
<div class="article">
<h2 class="title">Article Title</h2>
<p class="content">This is the content of the article.</p>
</div>
```
What Python code using BeautifulSoup would extract the title of the article?
a. ```python
title = soup.select_one('.article .title').text
```
b. ```python
title = soup.find('.article h2').text
```
c. (Answer)
```python
title = soup.find('h2', class_='title').text
```
d. ```python
title = soup.find('div', class_='article').find('h2').text
```
237. In MongoDB, what is the purpose of the `_id` field in a document?
a. It is a reserved field for storing passwords. b. It is automatically generated to uniquely identify the document. (Answer)
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c. It is required to perform queries on the document. d. It represents the data type of the document.
238. Consider the following Python code snippet using pymongo to find documents in a MongoDB collection:
```python
from pymongo import MongoClient
client = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')
db = client['web_scraping_db']
collection = db['web_data']
# Fill in the blank to find all documents where the 'category' field is 'Books'
result = collection.find({'category': 'Books'})
```
Fill in the blank to complete the query and find documents where the 'category' field is 'Books'.
239. What Python library is commonly used for making HTTP requests?
a. `webrequest` b. `httplib` c. `urllib` d. `requests` (Answer)
240. Given the HTML code:
```html
<form action="/submit" method="post">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
```
What attribute is used to specify the URL to which the form data should be submitted?
a. `action` (Answer)
b. `method` c. `for` d. `name` 241. True/False: The `robots.txt` file is used to specify which parts of a website can be crawled by web spiders. (True)
242. True/False: In MongoDB, the `$set` operator is used to add a new field to a document. (True)
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243. True/False: BeautifulSoup can be used to interact with JavaScript-rendered content on a webpage. (False)
244. True/False: In HTML, the `<div>` tag is used to define a hyperlink. (False)
245. True/False: In MongoDB, the `dropDatabase()` shell command is used to drop a collection. (False)
246. Given the Python code using BeautifulSoup:
```python
links = soup.find_all('a', href=True)
# Fill in the blank to print the URLs of all hyperlinks
for link in links:
print(link.href)
```
Fill in the blank with the appropriate attribute to print the URLs of all hyperlinks.
247. In MongoDB, the `update_many()` method is used to update multiple documents in
a collection based on a specified condition.
248. Consider the following Python code snippet using pymongo to insert a document into a MongoDB collection:
```python
from pymongo import MongoClient
client = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/')
db = client['web_scraping_db']
collection = db['web_data']
# Fill in the blanks to insert a document with key 'name' and value 'Alice'
data = {'name': 'Alice'}
collection.insert(data)
```
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate MongoDB method to insert a document.
249. In HTML, the `<img>` tag is used to embed images in a webpage.
250. Given the following Python code using BeautifulSoup to extract the text content of all paragraphs (`<p>`) from a webpage:
```python
paragraphs = soup.find_all('p')
# Fill in the blank to print the text content of each paragraph
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for paragraph in paragraphs:
print(paragraph.text)
```
Fill in the blank with the appropriate attribute to print the text content of each paragraph.
251. In HTML, what tag is used to create an ordered list?
a. `<ul>` b. `<li>` c. `<ol>` (Answer)
d. `<list>` 252. Consider the following Python code snippet using BeautifulSoup:
```python
tags = soup.select('.category')
```
What does this code do?
a. Selects all elements with class 'category' (Answer)
b. Selects the first element with class 'category' c. Selects elements inside the 'category' tag d. Selects the parent of elements with class 'category' 253. In MongoDB, what does the `$in` operator do in a query?
a. Matches documents where a field is not in a specified list b. Matches documents where a field is in a specified list (Answer)
c. Finds all documents in the collection d. Sorts documents based on a specified field 254. Given the HTML code:
```html
<p class="intro">This is an introduction.</p>
```
What Python code using BeautifulSoup would extract the class of the `<p>` tag?
a. (Answer)
```python
tag_class = soup.find('p')['class']
```
b. ```python
tag_class = soup.find('p').class
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```
c. ```python
tag_class = soup.find('p').get_attribute('class')
```
d. ```python
tag_class = soup.find('p').get('class')
```
255. In Python, what is the purpose of the `enumerate()` function?
a. To generate a list of numbers b. To iterate over elements of a sequence and get their index (Answer)
c. To remove elements from a list d. To reverse the order of elements in a list 256. Consider the following MongoDB shell command:
```javascript
db.collection.find({}).sort({ date: -1 }).limit(5)
```
What does this command do?
a. Finds all documents in the collection and sorts them in descending order by date (Answer)
b. Finds the newest document in the collection c. Finds all documents in the collection and limits the result to 5 documents d. Finds the oldest document in the collection 257. Given the Python code using BeautifulSoup:
```python
element = soup.find('div', class_='content')
```
How would you extract the text content of the `<div>`?
a. (Answer)
```python
div_text = element.text
```
b. ```python
div_text = element['text']
```
c. ```python
div_text = element.get_text()
```
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d. ```python
div_text = element.content
```
258. In HTML, what tag is used to create a hyperlink?
a. `<link>` b. `<a>` (Answer)
c. `<href>` d. `<hyperlink>` 259. Consider the following Python code snippet:
```python
data = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}
```
How would you access the value of the 'name' key in the dictionary?
a. `data.get('name')` b. `data.value('name')` c. `data['name']` (Answer)
d. `data.access('name')` 260. In MongoDB, what does the `limit()` method do in a query?
a. Limits the number of documents returned by the query (Answer)
b. Sets a limit on the execution time of the query c. Limits the number of fields returned by the query d. Sets a maximum value for a specified field in the query
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