Function and Structure Choice of the Structural System and Materials

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Function and Structure Choice of the Structural System and Materials Structures I R. Taher Warning The information contained in this lecture is protected by intellectual property laws. The content may be used only by the students enrolled in this course. Do not reproduce, transmit, publish, rewrite, sell or post the content on internet sites without a written permission from the instructor teaching this course. Function and Structure Choice of the Structural System • Function and Structure • Architects and Engineers • Choice of the Structural Systems and Materials Reading: Why Buildings Stand Up, M. Salvadori, p. 17-26 1- Function and Structure • The function of a building is to protect people from the weather by creating enclosed but interconnected spaces. • In the past, structures were erected by the time-honored method of trial and error. Each builder would dare a little more than his predecessor, until faced by failure. • The brick dome of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, first built in 537 A.D., fell twice before it finally stood. • The high vault of the Gothic Cathedral of Beauvais collapsed twice until the master masons of the 14 th and 16 th centuries understood the limitations of this type of construction.

• Leonardo da Vinci at the end of the 15 th century understood how a beam worked. • Today, the mathematical theory of structures has made possible the record-breaking structures of our era. • The triumph in structural design is mainly due to the use of computers. • However, no structural engineer would accept the computer output unless it agrees with experience and knowledge. • The development of structural material has not kept pace with the needs of advanced concepts, except for reinforced and prestressed concrete, and high-strength steel. Wood, stone and masonry still dominate construction, and must be used according to their same properties. • The Sears Tower today is only three times taller than the 5000-year old Pyramid of Cheops. • Our largest hall, the Louisiana Superdome, spans 680’, and is only 4.5 times the span of the Pantheon dome (142’) built in Rome 1800 years ago. • However, today’s structures are lighter and cheaper to build. • In bridge design, the achievements are great. • The Romans made popular the brick and stone arch bridge capable of spanning up to 100 ft. • The use of high strength steel cables allowed engineers to design suspension bridges with spans up to 6,000 ft.

• Is there hope to achieve much more in the future? • 1- Economical limitations. • 2- If we limit ourselves to steel, and if we improve the strength of steel. 2- Architects and Engineers • Structure has always had a decisive influence on architecture. It is unavoidable. Structure has to obey the laws of nature, and cannot always accommodate architecture. • Structure, while necessary, is often hidden and does not appear to contribute to the architecture it supports (a necessary evil). • Structure is costly, generally 1/4 to 1/5 of the total building cost. In a bridge or a very large hall, it is the main cost component. • Structure is often the cause of friction between the architect and his structural engineer. • There is a clash of personality between the architect and the structural engineer: • Today, a good architect must be a generalist, and must know about construction techniques, electrical and mechanical systems, financing, real estate and social conduct. In Addition, he or she must be an artist. • The architect must know about so many specialties that it is sometimes said that he or she knows nothing about something. • The engineer is a pragmatist, an expert in a certain area. Some structural engineers now specialize in concrete only, or in the design of domes only! • It is sometimes said that the engineer knows everything about nothing. 3- Choice of the Structural Systems and Materials • Deciding which structural system to use is one of the most important choices the architect will make. • The building’s appearance will be affected by the choice of structural system. • The most important factors affecting the choice are:

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• Construction type, or types the building code allows for the occupancy and size of the building. • Spans: long versus short spans. • Building height: low-rise versus high-rise. • Construction costs. • Ease of long-term maintenance. Factors to Consider when Choosing among Allowable Construction Types: • Permanence of the structure • Context of the site • Construction costs • Client motivation Length of the Span • The architectural program lists the required spaces that the building should accommodate. • Spaces should be classified according to spans and should include this question: Is a long span necessary? • Short spans (10-30 ft ) suggest : beams, girders and slabs in bending, to enclose the space economically with a min. structural depth. • Long spans (50-100 ft or more) suggest the use of shape to aid the structural material. Arches, shells, domes, space frames, trusses… are used to span the long distance. • Extra-long spans (such as a stadium) suggest tension and inflatable membrane systems for roofs. Building Height • In low-rise buildings, loads are mostly a collection of dead and live loads. • In high-rise buildings, lateral loads (wind and earthquake) dominate the design. The loads generally increase with height. • There is a substantial additional cost involved in tall buildings due to the need to resist lateral loads. References • Why Buildings Stand Up – The Strength of Architecture, by Mario Salvadori, W.W. Norton. • The Builders – Marvels of Engineering, by the National Geographic Society.

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