Lab Report_Ionic and Covalent Bonds (1)

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University Of Arizona *

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2023

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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NAME: Leigha Weber DATE: 24 Aug 2023 Lab Report Ionic and Covalent Bonds This lab report is for you to reflect on what you completed and learned in this simulation, and to practice your written scientific communication skills. Sections 1. Describe the overall object ive and make a hypothesis 2. Introduce relevant background knowledge on this topic 3. Summarize the steps taken in the simulation 4. Explain any obtained results 5. Discuss the conclusions and implications 1. Describe the overall objective and make a hypothesis. What is the overall purpose of the experiments or activities? Make a hypothesis. Recall that the hypothesis is a claim that answers a question or makes a prediction about an event that has not yet occurred. Hint: The purpose is often stated in the welcome message of the simulation (as shown in the example image below). 1 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved
The main objective of learning about ionic and covalent bonds was to fully grasp the basic ideas of how atoms stick together in chemistry. These bonds are what keep atoms and molecules attached, and they're really important in deciding how stuff acts and what it's like. By looking into ionic and covalent bonds, we can learn more about how these bonds work and how to differentiate them from each other based off of their respective characteristics. My initial hypothesis was that ionic and covalent bonds had significantly different melting/boiling points, and different levels of electric conductivity. 2. Introduce relevant background knowledge on this topic. What have you learned in class or researched on your own that would help prepare for this simulation? 2 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved
Hint: You can review the “THEORY” section in the simulation (as shown in the example image below) Ionic bonds occur between atoms with significant differences in electronegativity, where one atom “donates” an electron to the other, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract and create the bond; these bonds are defined by strong electrostatic interactions, causing both high melting and boiling points. Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl), typically have crystalline structures and can conduct electricity. However, covalent bonds occur when atoms with similar electronegativities “share” electrons, leading to a bond; these bonds are less strong than ionic bonds, leading to covalent compounds having lower melting and boiling points. Covalent compounds usually don't conduct electricity and have lesser thermal and electrical conductivity compared to ionic compounds. Instances of covalent compounds encompass water (H2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) 3 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved
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3. Summarize the steps taken in the simulation. Explain all steps you completed, including the equipment and techniques you used. Hint: You can use the “MISSION” tab in the LabPad as inspiration (as shown in the example image below). Step-by-Step Process of Simulation Materials -Beaker -Stirring plate -Conductivity test device -Melting point apparatus -Distilled water -White substances (KCl) Procedure -Put on PPE(personal protective equipment) -Identify water solubilities of the compounds -Measure the conductivity of the solutions by analyzing the solutions with the conductivity tester of metal stir sticks in the water -Create a Lewis Structure diagram -Both of the unidentified substances were placed in capillaries, then placed in the melting point equipment, and heated. 4 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved
-Observe substance reactions as the temperature reaches peak of 900°C 4. Describe any obtained results. Explain all obtained results. Were these results expected or unexpected? Hint: You can use the “MEDIA” tab in the Lab Pad to revisit relevant images from the simulation (as shown in the example image below). Solubility and conductivity tests were conducted using potassium chloride (KCl) as the 5 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved
control. Both unknown compounds (Substances 1 & 2) and KCl dissolved, confirming their water solubility. Ionic compounds consist of metals and non-metals, forming cations and anions that combine into neutrally charged compounds. Conductivity testing revealed Substance 1 as covalent, and Substance 2 as ionic. The octet rule states atoms aim for 8 valence electrons. Ionic bonds result from electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions, while covalent bonds involve electron sharing between atoms. Substance 1 had a melting point of 146°C but substance 2 had a melting point of 801°C. The lab results revealed that the white substances were actually regular table salt and grape sugar. The findings were as expected. 5. Discuss the conclusions and implications. How do your results relate back to the original purpose and your hypothesis? Were there any systematic sources of error that could have affected the results? What did you learn? This lab demonstrated the differences in covalent and ionic bonds by using two different substances. Substance 1 had a low melting point and zero electric conductivity, consistent with covalent bonds. Whereas substance 2 had a significantly high melting boil with a high conductivity rating, consistent with ionic bonds. This confirmed my hypothesis of distinct features from ionic and covalent bonds. Understanding the nature of ionic and covalent bonds is crucial for the study of chemistry and the behaviors of chemical substances. 6 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved
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7 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved