Lab Report_Ionic and Covalent Bonds (1)
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Lab Report
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
This lab report is for you to reflect on what you completed and learned in this simulation,
and to practice your written scientific communication skills.
Sections
1.
Describe the
overall
object
ive and make a hypothesis
2.
Introduce relevant background knowledge on this topic
3.
Summarize the steps taken in the simulation
4. Explain
any
obtained results
5.
Discuss the conclusions and implications
1.
Describe the overall objective and make a hypothesis.
What is the overall purpose of the experiments or activities? Make a hypothesis. Recall that
the hypothesis is a claim that answers a question or makes a prediction about an event that
has not yet occurred.
Hint: The purpose is often stated in the welcome message of the simulation (as shown in the
example image below).
1
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All Rights Reserved
●
The main objective of learning about ionic and covalent bonds was to fully grasp the basic
ideas of how atoms stick together in chemistry. These bonds are what keep atoms and
molecules attached, and they're really important in deciding how stuff acts and what it's
like. By looking into ionic and covalent bonds, we can learn more about how these bonds
work and how to differentiate them from each other based off of their respective
characteristics.
●
My initial hypothesis was that ionic and covalent bonds had significantly different
melting/boiling points, and different levels of electric conductivity.
2.
Introduce relevant background knowledge on this topic.
What have you learned in class or researched on your own that would help prepare for this
simulation?
2
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All Rights Reserved
Hint: You can review the “THEORY” section in the simulation (as shown in the example image
below)
●
Ionic bonds occur between atoms with significant differences in electronegativity, where
one atom “donates” an electron to the other, resulting in oppositely charged ions that
attract and create the bond; these bonds are defined by strong electrostatic interactions,
causing both high melting and boiling points. Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride
(NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl), typically have crystalline structures and can conduct
electricity.
●
However, covalent bonds occur when atoms with similar electronegativities “share”
electrons, leading to a bond; these bonds are less strong than ionic bonds, leading to
covalent compounds having lower melting and boiling points. Covalent compounds usually
don't conduct electricity and have lesser thermal and electrical conductivity compared to
ionic compounds. Instances of covalent compounds encompass water (H2O), methane
(CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2)
3
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3.
Summarize the steps taken in the simulation.
Explain all steps you completed, including the equipment and techniques you used.
Hint: You can use the “MISSION” tab in the LabPad as inspiration (as shown in the example
image below).
Step-by-Step Process of Simulation
Materials
-Beaker
-Stirring plate
-Conductivity test device
-Melting point apparatus
-Distilled water
-White substances (KCl)
Procedure
-Put on PPE(personal protective equipment)
-Identify water solubilities of the compounds
-Measure the conductivity of the solutions by analyzing the solutions with the
conductivity tester of metal stir sticks in the water
-Create a Lewis Structure diagram
-Both of the unidentified substances were placed in capillaries, then placed in the
melting point equipment, and heated.
4
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-Observe substance reactions as the temperature reaches peak of 900°C
4.
Describe any obtained results.
Explain all obtained results. Were these results expected or unexpected?
Hint: You can use the “MEDIA” tab in the Lab Pad to revisit relevant images from the
simulation (as shown in the example image below).
●
Solubility and conductivity tests were conducted using potassium chloride (KCl) as the
5
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control. Both unknown compounds (Substances 1 & 2) and KCl dissolved, confirming their
water solubility. Ionic compounds consist of metals and non-metals, forming cations and
anions that combine into neutrally charged compounds. Conductivity testing revealed
Substance 1 as covalent, and Substance 2 as ionic. The octet rule states atoms aim for 8
valence electrons. Ionic bonds result from electrostatic forces between oppositely charged
ions, while covalent bonds involve electron sharing between atoms. Substance 1 had a
melting point of 146°C but substance 2 had a melting point of 801°C. The lab results
revealed that the white substances were actually regular table salt and grape sugar. The
findings were as expected.
5.
Discuss the conclusions and implications.
How do your results relate back to the original purpose and your hypothesis? Were there any
systematic sources of error that could have affected the results? What did you learn?
This lab demonstrated the differences in covalent and ionic bonds by using two different
substances. Substance 1 had a low melting point and zero electric conductivity, consistent with
covalent bonds. Whereas substance 2 had a significantly high melting boil with a high conductivity
rating, consistent with ionic bonds. This confirmed my hypothesis of distinct features from ionic
and covalent bonds.
Understanding the nature of ionic and covalent bonds is crucial for the study of chemistry and the
behaviors of chemical substances.
6
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52.70 44.375= 1.188
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Enter the answer with the correct number of digits.
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Middlesex College
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Worksheet A: Write the Chemical Formula
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29. mercury(II) sulfide
30. manganese(IV) oxide
31. aluminum permanganate
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Match the following with #25-29.
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