physicslab1

m ( g ) 23.0 21.2 11.9 4.6 δm ( g ) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 δm/m 0.00217 0.00236 0.00420 0.0109 L ( cm ) 6.3 3.2 3.3 5 δL ( cm ) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 δL/L 0.0079 0.017 0.015 0.010 D ( cm ) 1.2 1.5 1.1 0.6 δD ( cm ) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 δD/D 0.042 0.033 0.045 0.083 V ( cm 3 ) 7.1 5.7 3.1 1.4 δV ( cm 3 ) 0.60 0.39 0.30 0.24 δV/V 0.084 0.068 0.092 0.17 ρ ( g/cm 3 ) 3.228 3.749 3.795 3.254 δρ ( g/cm 3 ) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 δρ/ρ 0.01549 0.01334 0.01318 0.01537 The volume was calculated using the cylinder equation above. The errors were determined from the equation. δv v = √ ( 2 ⋅ δD D ) 2 +( δL / L ) 2 The volume of the cylinders was also measured using the water immersion method. A volumetric flask was filled with 10ml water, then the cylinder was dropped into the flask, and the difference in ml was recorded. The results from the water volumetric are more accurate in principle than the first method because it relies on the water molecules enveloping the cylinder which is more precise than using a ruler. However, in this instance the results were nearly identical. The density of the cylinder was calculated by diving the weight by the volume. g cm 3 The error was calculating by dividing the instrumentation error, .05, by the density. Displayed is the graph directly copied from excel.

48 15 49 15 50 16 The average count rate was 18 A histogram was then created measuring the background counts. The FWHM is shown as the red bar. It stands for Full Width at Half Maximum. The width was 6.3, δ n was 2.68. The standard deviation is 4.75. This is significantly different from the Δ n determined from the FWHM. This is because the histogram resembles a bimodal data distribution rather than a bell curve. With more data, the histogram would shift to the center, and the FWHM would be closer to the standard deviation. The standard error in the mean was 0.67. Conclusion Investigation 1 observed the relationship between volume and mass. Cylinders were measured physically with a rule and scale, as well as displaced in water. The density relationship between the four cylinders was observed to follow the equations taught. Better equipment, or cylinders which would form exact numbers would lead to more accurate results for experiment 1. Investigation 2 observed various ways to interpret data collected from a Geiger counter. Ultimatly the histogram created from the Geiger counter did not have enough data to create a full bell curve, as it formed a bimodal distribution instead. If the Geiger counter had more time to collect data, the FWMH would have been more accurate. Additionally, the graph was shaped based off of intuition, therefore the length of the bars could have been improved slightly given more time. Questions.