Nuclear Chemistry Workshop Activity - Nov 21st_22nd (Workshop 12)

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Nuclear Chemistry Workshop Activity - Nov 21st/22nd (Workshop 12) Due: 12:00am on Monday, December 12, 2022 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Animation—Separation of Alpha (α), Beta (β), and Gamma (γ) Rays Learning Goal: To study the separation of , , and rays and their properties. Certain heavy nuclei are naturally unstable and spontaneously decompose, emitting , , and ray radiation. This phenomenon is known as radioactivity . Under the influence of an electric field, these radioactive beam components can be separated and their properties can be studied. Watch the animation and study the separation of , , and rays. In the video you can watch the separation of a single radioactive beam into three different components when an electric field is applied to it. Part A - Determining the charges on alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) rays In the absence of an electric field, a radioactive beam strikes a fluorescent screen at a single point. When an electric field is applied, the radioactive beam is separated into three different components. One of the components is deflected toward the positive electrode because it is negatively charged, one of the components is deflected toward the negative electrode because it is positively charged, and one component is not deflected in any direction; instead, it moves along a straight path. Identify the charges possessed by the different components of the radioactive beam by observing their behavior under the influence of an electric field. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. Hint 1. The relationship between charge and the direction of deflection The radioactive beam travels in a straight line when it is not under the influence of an electric field. When an electric field is applied, the single radioactivity beam is separated into three components. One part of the beam is attracted to the positive electrode. This indicates that it carries a negative charge. The part of beam that is attracted to the negative electrode carries a positive charge, and the part of the beam that is not deflected is neutral, meaning it carries no charge. Observe the animation to study the behavior of the different components under the influence of an electric field. Hint 2. Identify the direction of the deflection Classify the components of the radioactive beam according to their response to the electric field. Note that the symbol “ ” denotes alpha, “ ” denotes beta, and “ ” denotes gamma rays. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. ANSWER:

ANSWER: Correct Under the influence of an electric field, rays get deflected toward the negative electrode, indicating that they carry a positive charge. rays get deflected toward the positive electrode, indicating that they are negatively charged. rays take a straight pathway, which shows that they are neutral. rays are deflected to a lesser extent than rays, indicating that rays have a higher mass. Part B - Rank the components of a radioactive beam according to their penetrating power and rays consist of particles, whereas rays are high-energy radiation and contain no particles and thus they have no mass. Given that the penetrating power decreases with mass, rank the rays according to their penetrating power. Rank the components from strongest penetrating power to weakest penetrating power. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. Reset Help Reset Help rays rays rays rays rays rays Deflected toward the positive electrode Remains undefected Deflected toward the negative electrode Negatively charged Neutral Positively charged

Hint 1. Rank the components according to their mass A particle with greater mass will be deflected less. Watch the animation to rank alpha ( ), beta ( ), and gamma ( ) rays according to their masses. Rank from highest to lowest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER: ANSWER: Correct Part C - Characteristics of α, β, and γ rays Given below are statements that summarize the characteristics of , , and rays. Identify the characteristics that correspond to each type of radiation. Reset Help The correct ranking cannot be determined. Reset Help The correct ranking cannot be determined. rays rays rays rays rays rays Lowest Highest Weakest Strongest

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Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. Hint 1. Rank the components according to their mass A particle with greater mass will be deflected less. Watch the animation to rank alpha ( ), beta ( ), and gamma ( ) rays according to their masses. Rank from highest to lowest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER: Hint 2. Identify what \rm _{2}^{4}He corresponds to The symbol represents ______. ANSWER: Hint 3. Identify what \rm _{-1}^{~~0}e corresponds to The symbol represents ______. ANSWER: Reset Help The correct ranking cannot be determined. an electron a helium nuclei a proton a photon a hydrogen nuclei an electron a proton a photon a hydrogen nuclei a helium nuclei rays rays rays Lowest Highest

ANSWER: All attempts used; correct answer displayed The three main components of a radioactive beam are , , and rays. Of these components, rays contain positively charged particles known as particles, rays contain negatively charged particles known as particles, and rays are electromagnetic radiation. Experimental evidence has shown that rays are helium nuclei, which are represented as , that rays are high-energy electrons, represented as , and that rays are photons with very high energy and no mass. rays are the most massive among the three. It is evident from the sizes of the components that rays have the lowest penetrating power and that rays possess the highest penetrating power. These characteristics are useful in studying radioactivity phenomena. In the process of natural radioactivity, , , or radiation are spontaneously emitted. The process can be called decay, decay, or decay, depending upon the type of emission involved. Balancing Nuclear Equations Balancing nuclear equations is slightly different than balancing chemical equations. The major difference is that in nuclear reactions we must account for protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as write out the symbols for various chemical elements. In a nuclear equation, the products and reactants are symbolized as where is the chemical symbol for the element, is the mass number, and is the atomic number. There are two main rules to remember when balancing nuclear equations: 1. The total of the superscripts (mass numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same. 2. The total of the subscripts (atomic numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same Part A What is the value of in the following nuclear reaction? Express your answer as an integer. Hint 1. How to approach the problem Use rule 1: The total of the superscripts (mass numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same. Mathematically, this can be written as ANSWER: Reset Help It is symbolized as . It is the most massive of all the components. It has the weakest penetrating power. It is a high-speed electron. It is symbolized as . It has the strongest penetrating power. It possesses neither mass nor charge. rays rays rays

Correct Part B What is the value of in the following nuclear reaction? Express your answer as an integer. Hint 1. How to approach the problem Use rule 2: The total of the subscripts (atomic numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same. Mathematically, this can be written as ANSWER: Correct Part C What chemical symbol should be used for in the following nuclear reaction? Enter the chemical symbol of the element. Hint 1. How to approach the problem Use the atomic number, , and the periodic table to identify the element. For example, the element with is carbon. For this problem you are looking for the element with . ANSWER: Correct The complete designation for the product, an alpha particle, is . An alternate designation frequently used is or simply . Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 2 Part A During which type of radioactive decay is the mass of the emitted particle the smallest ? ANSWER: 4 2 He

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Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 4 Part A Identify an alpha particle. ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 7 Part A Identify a positron. ANSWER: Correct alpha decay neutron emission positron emission gamma decay

Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 9 Part A Describe what changes occur during alpha decay. ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 11 Part A Describe what changes occur during gamma ray emission. ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 14 Part A The following reaction represents what nuclear process? Am → He + Np ANSWER: The mass number decreases and the atomic number increases. The mass number and atomic number do not change. The mass number and atomic number increase. The mass number and atomic number decrease. The mass number increases and the atomic number decreases. The mass number and atomic number do not change. The mass number is unchanged and the atomic number decreases. The mass number and atomic number decrease. The mass number decreases and the atomic number increases. The mass number and atomic number increase.

Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 16 Part A The following reaction represents what nuclear process? → + ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 19 Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the beta decay of . ANSWER: neutron emission beta emission alpha emission electron emission positron emission gamma capture beta emission electron capture alpha capture proton bombardment

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Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 21 Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the positron emission of . ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 24 Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the electron capture by . ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 23

Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the electron capture by . ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 27 Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the alpha decay of . ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 30 Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the beta decay of . ANSWER:

Correct Chapter 21 Matching Questions 1-7 Part A Match the following. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. ANSWER: Incorrect; Try Again; 5 attempts remaining Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Question 13 Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the positron emission of . Help Reset

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ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Question 15 Part A Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the electron capture by . ANSWER: Correct Exercise 21.32 - Enhanced - with Feedback and Hints MISSED THIS? Read Section 21.3 (Page) ; Watch KCV 21.3 , IWE 21.1 , 21.2 . Enter a nuclear equation for the indicated decay of each of the following nuclides. Part A (alpha) Express your answer as a nuclear equation. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Part B

(beta) Express your answer as a nuclear equation. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Part C (beta) Express your answer as a nuclear equation. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Part D (positron emission) Express your answer as a nuclear equation. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Part E (electron capture) Express your answer as a nuclear equation. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Exercise 21.33 - Enhanced - with Feedback MISSED THIS? Read Section 21.3 (Page) ; Watch KCV 21.3 , IWE 21.1 , 21.2 . Enter a partial decay series for -232 undergoing the following sequential decays. Part A decay Express your answer as a nuclear equation. ANSWER: Part B Complete previous part(s)

Part C Complete previous part(s) Part D Complete previous part(s) Exercise 21.36 - Enhanced - with Feedback MISSED THIS? Read Section 21.3 (Page) ; Watch KCV 21.3 , IWE 21.1 , 21.2 . Fill in the missing particles in each of the following nuclear equations. Part A _____ Express your answer in isotopic notation. ANSWER: Part B _____ Express your answer in isotopic notation. ANSWER: Part C _____ Express your answer in isotopic notation. ANSWER: Part D _____ Express your answer in isotopic notation. ANSWER: Question for Group Work 21.113 Write all the balanced nuclear equation for each step of the nuclear decay sequence that starts with -238 and ends with -234. Part A

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Complete the first step. ? + Express your answer as an isotope include mass number and atomic number. ANSWER: Part B Complete the second step. + ? Express your answer as an isotope include mass number and atomic number. ANSWER: Part C Complete the third step. ? + . Express your answer as an isotope include mass number and atomic number. ANSWER: The Uranium Decay Series Learning Goal: To balance nuclear decay reactions in the uranium-238 decay series. Unstable nuclei undergo a spontaneous emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both. When a radioactive nucleus breaks apart, the products may also be unstable and will then undergo radioactive decay themselves. This decay process continues until a stable element is finally formed, and is called a decay series . The uranium-238 decay series is shown here. You will need to fill in the missing atomic numbers and mass numbers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Part A Uranium-238 decays by alpha emission. What is the mass number of the resulting element? Express your answer numerically as an integer. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Part B Complete previous part(s) Part C Complete previous part(s) Part D Complete previous part(s) A =

Part E Complete previous part(s) Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 44 Part A Which nuclide below is most likely to decay by electron capture? ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 43 Part A Which of the following nuclides is most likely to undergo beta decay? ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 42 Part A Which of the following elements would be expected to be particularly stable? ANSWER:

Correct Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Question 16 Part A Which of the following statements is TRUE? ANSWER: Correct Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Question 20 Part A Which of the following nuclides are most likely to decay via positron emission? ANSWER: Correct Exercise 21.41 - Enhanced - with Feedback and Hints The valley of stability is the geographic location where many of the known nuclides were first discovered. If N/Z ratio is too high, there are too many protons and the nuclide will undergo positron emission or electron capture. If N/Z ratio is too low, there are too many neutrons and the nuclide will undergo beta decay. If N/Z ratio lies somewhere below 1, the nuclide is stable. None of the above are true. I-131 Ca-42 S-30 Sb-122 Na-26

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MISSED THIS? Read Section 21.4 (Page) . Part A Predict a likely mode of decay for each of the following unstable nuclides. Drag the appropriate nuclides to their respective bins. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Exercise 21.42 - Enhanced - with Feedback and Hints MISSED THIS? Read Section 21.4 (Page) . Part A Predict a likely mode of decay for each of the following unstable nuclides. Drag the appropriate nuclides to their respective bins. You did not open hints for this part. ANSWER: Reset Help Beta decay Positron emission

Exercise 21.80 - Enhanced - with Feedback Enter a nuclear equation for the most likely mode of decay for each of the following unstable nuclides. Part A -165 Express your answer as a nuclear equation. ANSWER: Part B -77 Express your answer as a nuclear equation. ANSWER: Part C -85 Express your answer as a nuclear equation. ANSWER: Part D Reset Help -132 -139 -65 -202 Beta decay Positron emission

-33 Express your answer as a nuclear equation. ANSWER: Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 48 Part A Neptunium-239 has a half-life of 2.35 days. How many days must elapse for a sample of 239 Np to decay to 1.00% of its original quantity? ANSWER: Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 49 Part A What percentage of a radioactive substance remains after 3.00 half-lives have elapsed? ANSWER: Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 50 Part A The half-life of cobalt-60 is 5.20 yr. How many milligrams of a 1.000-mg sample remain after 9.50 years? 28.5 days 0.736 days 0.0640 days 15.6 days 1.36 days 25.0% 6.25% 50.0% 77.2% 12.5%

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ANSWER: Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 52 Part A Determine the half-life of a nuclide that loses 38.0% of its mass in 387 hours. ANSWER: Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 55 Part A Potassium-40 decays to argon-40 with a half-life of 1.27 × 10 9 yr. The age of a mineral sample that has a mass ratio of 40 Ar to 40 K of 1.02 is ________ yr. ANSWER: Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 56 3.51 × 10 -22 mg 0.717 mg 0.283 mg 0.547 mg 3.538 mg 308 hours 194 hours 540 hour 561 hours 306 hours 1.25 × 10 9 1.29 × 10 9 8.93 × 10 8 8.68 × 10 8 1.25 × 10 9

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Part A If we start with 1.000 g of strontium-90, 0.908 g will remain after 4.00 yr. This means that the half-life of strontium-90 is ________ yr. ANSWER: Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 58 Part A A freshly prepared sample of curium-243 undergoes 3312 disintegrations per second. After 14.0 yr, the activity of the sample declines to 2156 disintegrations per second. The half-life of curium-243 is ________ yr. ANSWER: Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Question 26 Part A Fluorine-18 undergoes positron emission with a half-life of 1.10 x 10 2 minutes. If a patient is given a 248 mg dose for a PET scan, how long will it take for the amount of fluorine-18 to drop to 83 mg? (Assume that none of the fluorine is excreted from the body.) ANSWER: 4.40 3.63 23.0 28.8 3.05 32.6 22.6 9.11 21.5 1.36 1.74 × 10 2 minutes 2.11 × 10 2 minutes 1.32 × 10 2 minutes 3.00 × 10 2 minutes 99 minutes

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Correct Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 42.8%. You received 16.71 out of a possible total of 39 points.

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Nuclear Chemistry Workshop Activity - Nov 21st_22nd (Workshop 12)

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