Lab Report 8

I H H3C NOC XT :0: MET H₂C base H3C The aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation reaction between two carbonyl partners and involves a combination of nucleophilic addition and a-substitution steps. One partner is converted into an enolate ion nucleophile and adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group of the second partner. In the classic aldol reaction, the carbonyl partners are aldehydes or ketones, although aldehydes are more reactive. The product is a ß-hydroxy carbonyl compound. H OH q H3C H₂C H Under reaction conditions slightly more vigorous than those employed for the aldol reaction, the ß-hydroxyl group is eliminated in an E1cB dehydration to give an a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compound. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions heat H H + H₂O

base H3C H OH heat H + H₂O H The aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation reaction between two carbonyl partners and involves a combination of nucleophilic addition and a-substitution steps. One partner is converted into an enolate ion nucleophile and adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group of the second partner. In the classic aldol reaction, the carbonyl partners are aldehydes or ketones, although aldehydes are more reactive. The product is a ẞ-hydroxy carbonyl compound. In the mixed aldol reaction, the best results are obtained when one of the partners does not have an a-hydrogen. It cannot form an enolate anion and can therefore not undergo self-reaction. The enolizable aldehyde is added slowly to a basic solution of the first aldehyde so that the mixed product is preferentially formed. Under reaction conditions slightly more vigorous than those employed for the aldol reaction, the ẞ-hydroxyl group is eliminated in an E1cB dehydration to give an a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compound.…

3 Treatment of 1-aminoadamantane, C„H„N, with methyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate in the presence of a nonnucleophilic base, R,N, involves two successive S,2 reactions and gives compound A. Propose a structural formula for compound A. R&N NH, + Br. C15H93NO, + 2 R,NH Br OCH Br 1-Aminoadamantane Methyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate A

1. Br₂, PBrg 2. H₂O H₂C OH H3C OH Br The a-bromination of carbonyl compounds by Br₂ in acetic acid is limited to aldehydes and ketones because acids, esters, and amides don't enolize to a sufficient extent. Carboxylic acids, however, can be a-brominated by first converting the carboxylic acid to an acid bromide by treatment with PBr3. Following enolization of the acid bromide, Br₂ reacts in an α- substitution reaction. Hydrolysis of the acid bromide completes the reaction. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions H3C :0: :0::Br: Br Br H3C CO-P H Br Br

A bacteria produces an aromatic product starting with the enolate shown below. Step 1. An aldol condensation reaction. Step 2. Two keto-enol tautomerizations. Step 3. Ester hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation.  Draw the structure of the final product with formula C11H16O2.

A bacteria produces an aromatic product starting with the enolate shown below.Step 1. An aldol condensation reaction.Step 2. Two keto-enol tautomerization.Step 3. Ester hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation Draw the structure of the final product with formula C11H16O2.

5. Propose a mechanism for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nitrile. H₂O NaOH CEN 6. Propose a mechanism for aldol reaction. HiM Н н NaOH H₂O

Williamson Ether Synthesis of Phenacetin Background: Synthesize phenacetin from acetaminophen (Tylenol) via a Williamson ether synthesis.The Williamson ether synthesis is one of the simplest methods used to make ethers. The reaction is named after Alexander Williamson, who discovered the reaction in 1850. In this reaction, an alkoxide anion reacts with an alkyl halide via a substitution reaction.                         RO-Na+   +   R` – X   →   R-O-R`   +   NaX Alkoxides are strong nucleophiles that tend to react via an SN2 mechanism. As a result, the reaction works best with primary alkyl halides. In a traditional Williamson ether synthesis, the alkoxide is generated by reacting sodium hydride (NaH) with an alcohol. ROH   +   NaH    →    RO-Na+   +   H2 While this reaction is very efficient, it does pose a fire hazard, as it is possible for hydrogen gas to ignite. In this lab, the alkoxide will be created using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This is a much safer option, eliminating a…

Rationalize the selectivity observed in the benzil reduction. Draw the transition states of the nucleophilic attack leading to either meso or racemic products and indicate why one is more stable than the other.