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Chethistry: Form WS4.1.6A Period BONDING Rezcogttizitig Polar Melzcules To determine if a compound is polar, you must consider the electronegativity difference within each bond and the three dimensional shape of the compound. If the electronegativity difference is greater than 1.7 or close to zero, the compound is not polar. Electronegativity differences above 1.7 are found in ionic compounds. Electronegativity differences around zero are found in molecules with nonpolar bonds. Electronegativity differences between 0.4 and 1.7 are found in molecules with polar bonds. These molecules can be polar or nonpolar depending on their shapes. Molecules with. polar bonds distributed symmetrically are nonpolar. Asymmetrical molecules with polar bonds are polar. Water is polar. Animaginary line can be drawn through a water molecule separating the positive pole from the negative pole. This is because the charges are distributed asymmetrically. Carbon dioxide is nonpolar because the electronegative oxygens are distributed symmetrically .around the carbon. (0=C=0) Water is polar, because the charges are distributed asymmetrically. The electropositive hydrogens are attached to oxygen's two unpaired electrons.. Determine if each of the compounds listed below, IONIC, POLAR, or NONPOLAR as follows: [1] determine the types of bonds. [2] draw electron dot diagrams to determine the shape. - Type of Type of Type of Type of n ” Bond: Electron Dot Compound : . Bond: Electron Dot Compound ompound| IONIC, . : IoNIC ompound| IoONIC, . : ToNIC POLAR, or Diagram Pomn,’or POLAR, or Disgram POLAR,’or NONPOLAR NONPOLAR NONPOLAR . NONPOLAR HCI - 2 | cl, G .. I A ~ i ) eohh l4"'(lli pr« (A}r \di- C-u: e . ‘ gl‘ j ‘ 5H o l’f?ll/'% S (0« B 9"; N CH.Cl lof T Ar i LzJ T = LA H fnenplo (70 [ 2 i 2 e | 5] R 'f‘ ' C]'Z 1 ¢ v L NZ N,,\(\".cr }Q| — C‘/'(,' /\rw\?‘)l&/ vwf\(“’lof IN=N W"F"lﬂ_ KBr N H,S = . onc [LL[E)( Aonl VDl@f y——’?'{ po(ar p L e , _ ! S - v 4 NH. s NaBr o a . ’ PO'O/ H ,I‘\j M (D(O/ 1 omiC Nab Efit(“ ;Dmv( i)

v Do Not Werde an me 1) 2) 3) 4 5) 6) 7) 8) 9 10) 11) What is the formula of nitrogen (II) oxide? A) N,O, 0 N,O0 B) NO, D) NO What is the formula of titanium (II) oxide? A) Ti,O C0) TiO, B) TiO D) Ti,O4 The correct chemical formula for iron (II) sulfide is A) Fe,(SO,), C) FeS B) FeSO, D) Fe,S, Which formula correctly represents the composition of iron (1I) oxide? A) Fe,0O4 C) FeO4 B) Fe;0 D) Fe;0, What is the [UPAC name for the compound FeS? A) iron (I) sulfide C) iron (III) sulfate B) iron (II) sulfate D) iron (III) sulfide What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound NH,CI? A) nitrogen chlorate B) ammonium chloride C) ammonium chlorate D) nitrogen chloride Which substance has a chemical formula with the same ratio of metal ions to nonmetal ions as in potassiumsulfide? A) magnesium oxide B) magnesiumchloride C) sodiumoxide D) sodiumchloride What is the chemical formula for copper (II) hydroxide? A) Cu,(OH) C) CuOH B) Cu(OH), D) CuOH, What is the correct formula for iron (IIT) phosphate? A) Fe;P, C) FePO, B) Fe;(PO,), D) FeP Which of'the following atoms has the greatest tendency to attract electrons? A) bromine C) beryllium B) boron D) barium Which ofthe following elements has the /east attraction for electrons in a chemical bond? A) oxygen C) fluorine B) chlorine D) nitrogen 12) Which element has atoms with the greatest attraction for electrons in a chemical bond? A) fluorine C) beryllium B) lithium D) oxygen 13) Which type of bond results when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atomto another? A) ahydrogen bond B) anonpolar covalent bond C) apolarcovalent bond D) an ionic bond 14) Which formula represents an ionic compound? A) NH; 0 H,0 B) KCI D) CH, 15) Inthe boxbelow, draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of an atom of calcium. 16) In the boxbelow, draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of an atom of chlorine. 17) Inthe boxbelow, draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of calcium chloride.

9533 -1-Page 2 18) In the boxbelow, draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure of calcium oxide (an ionic compound).

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11) D 17) 18) DB 3)C HA 5A 7C 8B 9 C 10)A 2A 13D 14B Cas :Ci* SAMPLE ANSWERS: [Ca]?" and [:Clg]” and [:Cif] O [Ca]®" and 2[:Clg] ee 2. eoe SAMPLE ANSWERS: 52+ [: ©) :] OR Ca—3eOe OR Ca O3 oo ee Answer Key 9533 - 1 - Page 1

Narme: lx ¢ o WL ) 2) 3) 4 5) 6) ) 8) 4532-1-Page 1 A solid substance was tested in the laboratory. The test results are listed below. « dissolves in water + is an electrolyte » melts at a high temperature Based on these results, the solid substance could be A) Cu B) CuBr, (@) C6H1 206 D) C Which compound contains ionic bonds? A) NO, B) CO, C) CaO D) NO The bonds in the compound MgSO, can be described as A) neither ionic nor covalent C) covalent, only B) ionic, only D) both ionic and covalent Which type of bond is found in sodium bromide? A) metallic B) ionic C) hydrogen D) covalent Which of the following solids has the highest melting point? A) SO,(s) B) H,0(s) C) Na,O(s) D) CO,(s) What is the correct Lewis electron-dot structure for the compound magnesium fluoride? e o0 e oo A) $FeMgs F ¢ C MgsFse [ 1] o0 e (1] e |7 e | e | B) Mg*| $F3 D) | sFe| Mg2+| sF2 [ 1) (1] e Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds? A) CaCOq4 B) CH,O 0 PClL D) MgF, The data table below represents the properties determined by the analysis of substances 4, B, C, and D. Substance Melti(rlgC )Point Boili?agC roint Conductivity A -80 -20 none B 20 190 none C 320 770 as solid D 800 1,250 in solution Which substance is an ionic compound? A) A B) B C) C D) D

9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 4532 -1-Page 2 A chemist performs the same tests on two homogeneous white crystalline solids, 4 and B. The results are shown in the table below. Solid A Solid B Melting Point High, 801°C LOW,afi%%rp oses Solubility in H,O (grams pz 100.& gHo0at 0°C) 35.7 3.2 Electrical Conductivi Good (in aqueous solution) ty Conductor Nonconductor The results of these tests suggest that A) solid 4 contains only ionic bonds and solid B contains only covalent bonds B) solid 4 contains only covalent bonds and solid B contains only ionic bonds C) both solids contain only covalent bonds D) both solids contain only ionic bonds Conductivity in a metal results from the metal atoms having A) high electronegativity C) highly mobile protons in the nucleus B) high ionization energy D) highly mobile electrons in the valence shell Metallic bonding occurs between atoms of A) carbon B) sulfur C) copper D) fluorine Which substance contains metallic bonds? A) NaCl(s) B) CgH{,O4(s) O H,0(L) D) Hg(2) A substance that does nof conduct electricity as a solid but does conduct electricity when melted is most likely classified as A) ametal C) an ionic compound B) amolecular compound D) anonmetal Which type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atomto another? A) hydrogen B) covalent C) ionic D) metallic Questions 15 and 16 refer to the following: Given the balanced equation below: 15) 16) 2Na(s) +Cl,(g) — 2NaCl(s) Explain, in terms of electrons, why the bonding in NaCl is ionic. In the boxprovided, draw a Lewis electron-dot diagram for a molecule of chlorine, C12.

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Answer Key 4532 -1 - Page 1 6D 7 A 8§D 9 A 10D 1)C 12D 13 C 14C o0 15) SAMPLE ANSWERS: The sodium atom transfers its one valence electron to the chlorine atom. OR N a '27.C |: OR Metal oo loses e” to nonmetal. e oo e XX 16) SAMPLEANSWERS:3C|8CIl8 OR eC|—-CI% e oo e XX

Do Not Wnte on e 1) 2) 3) 4 5) 6) 8) 9) Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are A) captured by the nucleus B) shared between two atoms C) mobile within a metal D) transferred fromone atomto another Which type of chemical bond is formed between two atoms of bromine? C) hydrogen D) metallic A) covalent B) ionic The bond between Br atoms in a Br2 molecule is A) ionic and is formed by the transfer of two valence electrons B) covalent and is formed by the transfer of two valence electrons C) ionic and is formed by the sharing of two valence electrons D) covalent and is formed by the sharing of two valence electrons Given the Lewis electron-dot diagram: Which electrons are represented by all of the dots? A) the carbon valence electrons, only B) all ofthe carbon and hydrogen electrons C) the carbon and hydrogen valence electrons D) the hydrogen valence electrons, only Which compound contains only covalent bonds? A) Ba(OH), C) NaOH B) CH;O0H D) Ca(OH), Which molecule contains a triple covalent bond? A) O, 0 d, B) H, D) N, What is the total number of electrons shared in a double covalent bond between two atoms? A) 1 B) 2 0 8 D) 4 What is the total number of electrons shared in the bonds between the two carbon atoms in a molecule of H—C=C—Hy A) 8 B) 6 0 3 Which characteristic is a property of molecular substances? D) 2 A) low melting point B) high melting point C) good electrical conductivity D) good heat conductivity 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 4907 - 1 - Page 1 C C) metallic bonding D) hydrogen bonding Which type of bonding is found in all molecular substances? A) ionic bonding B) covalent bonding The bonds between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule are classified as C) ionic D) nonpolar covalent A) polar covalent B) metallic Which substance is correctly paired with its type of bonding? A) NaBr— nonpolar covalent B) HCl— nonpolar covalent C) NH; — polar covalent D) Br, — polar covalent Which molecule contains a nonpolar covalent bond? CII A) Br—Br O Cl—-C-—Cl | Cl B) 0=C=0 D) C=0 Which of these formulas contains the most polar bond? A) H—I C) H—DBr B) H—CI D) H—F Which bond is least polar? A) As—Cl C) pP—l B) Bi—Cl D) N—Cl Which molecule is nonpolar? A) H,0 Cc) Co B) CO, D) NHj; Which formula represents a nonpolar molecule? A) H,S C) CH, B) HCI D) NH,; In the boxbelow, draw a Lewis electron-dot diagram for a molecule of phosphorus trichloride, PC;.

4907 - 1 - Page 2 Questions 19 and 20 refer to the following: 20) Explain why CCl, is classified as a nonpolar molecule. Each molecule listed below is formed by sharing electrons 0 :)etvs{;]eer; atoms when the atoms within the molecule are bonded 21) A piece of magnesium ribbon is reacted with excess ogether. hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. The volume of the dry hydrogen gas Mplecule. 42l produced is 45.6 milliliters. The temperature of the gas is Molecule B:CCl, 293 K, and the pressure is 99.5 kilopascals. Molecule C: NH 3 Identify the type of bond between the atoms in a molecule 19) Draw the electron-dot (Lewis) structure for the NH, of the gas produced in the laboratory investigation molecule in the box below. described. 22) Explain, in terms of molecular structure or distribution of charge, why a molecule of methane is nonpolar.

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) B 6) D 11) A 16) B 18) SAMPLEANSWERS: xx ex xx OR 19) 20) 21) 2) A 7) D 12) C 17) C Answer Key 4907 - 1 - Page 1 SAMPLE ANSWERS: 3D 4 C 5B § B 9 A 10)B 1)A 14D 15D Cl: P :Cl: 3?'3 CE Ci-P—Ci o0 (1] [ 1] HeNsH OR N OR H—I}I—H H H H SAMPLE ANSWERS: nonpolar covalent bond OR covalent bond OR nonpolar SAMPLE ANSWERS: The molecule is symmetrical in shape and/or charge. OR Electrons are evenly distributed. OR All polar covalent dipoles cancel — no dipole moments. OR no dipoles 22) SAMPLE ANSWERS: Methane is nonpolar because its molecules are symmetrical. OR Charges are evenly distributed throughout the molecule.

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