Unit 2, HW4_ Hematocrit

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1/11/23, 11:02 PM Unit 2, HW4: Hematocrit https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=9492065 1/5 Unit 2, HW4: Hematocrit Due: 11:59pm on Wednesday, January 11, 2023 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Pre-lab Video Coaching Activity: Determining the Hematocrit Watch the following Pre-lab Video: Determining the Hematocrit and complete the activity below. Part A - Composition of Whole Blood Drag the labels to identify the components of whole blood after centrifugation. Hint 1. Erythrocytes
1/11/23, 11:02 PM Unit 2, HW4: Hematocrit https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=9492065 2/5 Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), have iron-containing hemoglobin that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Do you think the iron in the RBCs makes them lighter or heavier than the other components of whole blood? Hint 2. What is the hematocrit? The hematocrit is the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume. Hint 3. Buffy coat composition The blood contains three types of formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. The buffy coat contains two out of the three formed elements. ANSWER: Correct Plasma makes up 55% of the whole blood, and the formed elements (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets) make up the remaining 45%. Part B - Determining the Hematocrit Recall from the video the steps for determining the hematocrit. Place the steps in the correct order from left to right. Hint 1. What is the last step in determining the hematocrit? Recall that the hematocrit is the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume. In order to separate the components of whole blood and determine the hematocrit, you must centrifuge the blood sample. Hint 2. What does a centrifuge do? A centrifuge separates particles according to their density. The dense (heavier) particles move toward the wall and the lighter ones remain close to the center. The tubes in the microhematocrit centrifuge are angled outward slightly, so heavier particles will sink to the bottom of the tube. Reset Help Plasma Buffy coat Leukocytes Platelets Erythrocytes Hematocrit Top layer Middle layer Bottom layer
1/11/23, 11:02 PM Unit 2, HW4: Hematocrit https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=9492065 3/5 ANSWER: Correct A hematocrit can be used to diagnose and monitor rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, and several cancers. Part C - Abnormal Hematocrits to Identify Health Conditions Compare the normal hematocrit to the patient’s hematocrit. What is the patient’s likely condition based upon the hematocrit shown? Reset Help Place heparinized capillary tube into the blood. Fill the tube three-quarters full with blood. Seal the end with capillary tube sealer or clay. Place the tube in a microhematocrit centrifuge. Centrifuge the blood for 4 to 5 minutes. Determine the percent of RBCs.
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1/11/23, 11:02 PM Unit 2, HW4: Hematocrit https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=9492065 4/5 Hint 1. What causes polycythemia? Polycythemia may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes where less oxygen is available. If less oxygen is available at high altitudes, what is a way the body can increase oxygen availability in the blood? Hint 2. What causes leukocytosis? Leukocytosis commonly results from infection. Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs), are part of the body’s nonspecific defenses and the immune system. Do you think the number of WBCs would increase or decrease during an infection? Hint 3. What causes leukopenia? Leukopenia results from a variety of causes including infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, or excessive antibiotic or X-ray therapy. The prefix leuk(o)– refers to white; which cells in the blood are “white”? The suffix –penia refers to deficiency; would a deficiency increase or decrease the number of those cells? ANSWER: Correct A decrease in the number of RBCs results in anemia. A person with a normal hematocrit can still be anemic, because anemia may also result from decreased hemoglobin content of the RBCs. Part D - Mechanism of Erythropoietin Recall from the video that the level of RBCs is hormonally controlled by erythropoietin (EPO). Place the following steps in the correct order from left to right to show how EPO works to restore normal blood oxygen levels. Hint 1. How is the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood increased? Recall from the video that RBCs contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen in the blood. By increasing the number of RBCs circulating in the blood, the amount of hemoglobin is also increased; thus, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood increases. Hint 2. What is erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis is the formation of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs). ANSWER: anemia leukopenia leukocytosis leukemia polycythemia
1/11/23, 11:02 PM Unit 2, HW4: Hematocrit https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=9492065 5/5 Correct The hormone testosterone enhances EPO production. This is one reason males have a slightly higher hematocrit than females. Part E - Effect of Blood Doping on Hematocrit How would blood doping with EPO affect a patient’s hematocrit? Hint 1. What is blood doping? Blood doping is the misuse of techniques or substances that increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; this increases the amount of oxygen that can be delivered to the muscles. EPO is a commonly used substance for blood doping. Hint 2. What is EPO? Recall from the video that EPO (erythropoietin) is a hormone produced by the kidneys that simulates erythropoiesis (formation of erythrocytes). ANSWER: Correct Some athletes use blood doping to illicitly increase their performance. Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 100%. You received 100 out of a possible total of 100 points. Reset Help Blood doping with EPO would lower a patient’s hematocrit Blood doping with EPO would raise a patient’s hematocrit. Blood doping with EPO would have no effect on a patient’s hematocrit. Kidney releases EPO. EPO stimulates red bone marrow. enhanced erythropoiesis RBC count increases. O 2 -carrying ability of blood increases. Blood oxygen homeostasis Hypoxia