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BUSI830 Project3 1 School of Business, Liberty University Faizan Malik Exploratory Case Study Assignment By submitting this assignment, I attest this submission represents my work, and not that of another student, scholar, or internet source. I understand I am responsible for knowing and correctly utilizing referencing and bibliographical guidelines. I have not submitted this work for any other class.

BUSI830 Project3 2 Abstract Exploratory case studies provide a framework that empowers researchers to gain deeper insights into complex and poorly understood phenomena. These studies are guided by meticulously developed case study protocols that offer both structure and adaptability. The flexibility inherent in this approach, as demonstrated through pilot studies, allows researchers to refine their methods and utilize a range of data collection techniques, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. However, ethical considerations, rooted in fundamental moral principles, play an integral role in these studies. This holistic exploration underscores the significance of exploratory case studies in facilitating in-depth research and upholding ethical standards across various domains, such as healthcare.

BUSI830 Project3 3

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BUSI830 Project3 4 Introduction Exploratory case studies provide researchers with a structured yet adaptable framework to and deeper insights into complex phenomena. These studies, guided by meticulously developed case study protocols, offer a clear research roadmap while allowing flexibility, with pilot studies serving as invaluable tools for refining research approaches as data is collected and analyzed. The complexity inherent in exploratory case studies is met with the utilization of multiple data collection methods, encompassing interviews, observations, and document analysis. This multifaceted approach enables a comprehensive exploration, yielding nuanced insights into the subject matter. However, ethical considerations, akin to the moral principles inherent in our daily lives, must not be overlooked. Researchers are obligated to uphold ethical standards to protect study participants, ensure data integrity, and conduct research with integrity and moral responsibility. Thus, ethical guidelines are an essential component of the exploratory case study framework, aligning with principles of integrity and moral conduct in both research and human existence. Case Study Protocol According to Burnard (2023), a case study protocol (CSP) serves as a comprehensive document delineating the research framework, methodologies, and procedural guidelines for conducting a case study and should provide sufficient detail to enable replication by fellow researchers while avoiding excessive rigidity. CSPs guide researchers through the various nuances of conducting case studies by providing ethical standards, ensuring consistency, and promoting replicable results. Rashid et al. (2019) explain that for a CSP to be successful, it must be clear, comprehensive, ethically sound, theory-driven, adaptable, and aligned with research goals, methodology, and the specific context of the study (Rashid et al., 2019). Through a focus

BUSI830 Project3 5 on a single unit of analysis and utilization of diverse data sources including interviews, observations, and documents, CSPs offer researchers a vector for versatile research design, capable of studying real-world phenomena (Hancock et al., 2021). Although variations may exist, Rashid et al. (2019) provide that CSPs should include an introduction outlining the research problem and rationale, a literature review summarizing relevant research, specific research questions, criteria for case selection, data collection methods encompassing interviews, observations, and document review, data analysis procedures, ethical considerations, a timeline, and budget, as well as a dissemination plan for sharing study findings (Rashid et al., 2019). After the CSP has been developed, researchers can then lock in to identify potential cases that align with the research objectives outlined in the protocol, including the screening process for candidate cases and the final selection of cases. Schoch (2020) outlines the process for screening candidate cases in three critical steps: identifying the potential cases that are relevant to the research objectives, screening potential cases to identify those likely to be the most successful and selecting the cases that most likely to answer the research questions (Schoch, 2020). In developing a CSP, researchers set objectives that act as a framework for identifying potential cases, guiding the selection process towards those that align most closely with the research goals and objectives. The criteria for selecting cases are developed within the CSP and are heavily influenced by the screening process, ensuring cases researchers have chosen meet the prerequisites for contributing to your research objectives. This criterion is ultimately utilized in the final selection of cases, which Guerra (2022) explains relies on the relevance to the research questions, feasibility of data collection, overall access to the case, potential ethical issues, and the unique offering of the case (Guerra, 2022). The CSP essentially governs every aspect of a study,

BUSI830 Project3 6 from the initial identification of potential cases to the final selection of cases that will be studied in depth. Pilot Case Studies As explained by Oweis (2018), a pilot case study is conducted on a smaller scale before a larger study and serves as a means to refine research design procedures, to allow for the identification and rectification of potential issues before conducting a more comprehensive study (Oweis, 2018). Pilot studies allow researchers to assess their research plan, including whether the data collection methods work as intended to ensure high-quality data is gathered during the study. Despite their benefits, pilot studies do not apply to all research, as their value is dependent on factors such as the complexity of the research design, resource constraints, and the overall need for preliminary testing. Lowe (2019) provides that pilot studies provide optimal value in instances of complex or unfamiliar research, as these provide researchers the opportunity to fine- tune their approach for a larger or full-scale study (Lowe, 2019). To further enhance the value of pilot studies, researchers must utilize tenants of CSPs of having clear research objectives with methodological precision, ensuring that the pilot study not only refines the research process but also serves as a well-structured foundation for the main study. Sources of Evidence/Triangulation Case study evidence can be provided through numerous methods, however, Yin (2018) highlights six main sources of evidence for a case study: documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observation, and physical artifacts (Yin, 2018). These sources of evidence can be triangulated into three main subgroups: written, observed, and tangible. Written evidence encompasses documentation and archival records, both of which

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BUSI830 Project3 7 provide historical context relevant to the case. Mills and Mills (2018) highlight the benefits of documentation and archival records, which they state can provide researchers with a of information about the past, including eyewitness accounts, official documents, and personal correspondence (Mills & Mills, 2018). Observed evidence includes interviews, direct observations, and participant observation, in which researchers engage directly with participants and/or the case’s environment as a means to collect firsthand data to explore perspectives, behaviors, and nuances within a study. When utilized together, as explained by Ciesielska et al. (2018), observed evidence allows researchers to collect a wide range of both subjective and objective data (Ciesielska et al., 2018). Finally, tangible evidence encompasses physical artifacts, which although can be used to trace the development of a case over time, may be difficult to interpret and may not be representative of the entire study (Alpi & Evans, 2019). Yin (2018) reiterates this, mentioning that physical artifacts may be less significant for case studies (Yin, 2018). Case Study Database Ebneyamini and Moghadam (2018) define a case study database as a collection of data, collected from multiple case studies, that can be used to identify patterns and trends across cases and to develop theoretical insights (Ebneyamini & Moghadam, 2018). Case study databases provide a source of transparency by making all data available to researchers, a means to ensure the validity of a study through replicability and a platform for data preservation and integrity. Fàbregues and Fetters (2018) elaborate on this, noting case study databases minimize subjective interpretations and ensure that researchers have access to a comprehensive and consistent dataset (Fàbregues & Fetters, 2018). To optimize benefits from a case study database, Yin (2018) advises that they should be comprehensive and reliable, easily accessible while also being flexible, and

BUSI830 Project3 8 secure (Yin, 2018). It is also important to discuss the ethical guidelines for creating, maintaining, and utilizing case study databases, specifically in studies concerning protected information in the healthcare industry. Meganck et al. (2020) discusses the Single Case Archive (SCA), an online database of published peer-reviewed single-case studies, which has actively taken steps to address ethical concerns associated with the use of protected information, requiring researchers to obtain informed consent from participants and to anonymize the data before it is submitted to the database (Meganck et al., 2020). Just as ethical practices are required in the field of healthcare research to ensure the protection of study participants, God has decreed multiple messages to His creation to lead lives of ethics and morality. One of the most widely spread lines of scripture governing ethics is demonstrated in Matthew 7:12 stating, “So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.” Often referred to as the “Golden Rule,” this verse calls for Christians to treat others as they wish to be treated, following ethical and moral guidelines in interactions with their fellow men. Although this message is conveyed across multiple religions and cultures, for Christians, it resonates with core Christian values which are a reflection of the virtues God expects for his followers. Whether in matters of faith or research, the fundamental message remains unchanged, the provided guidelines and gospel are essentially frameworks of integrity. Exploratory Case Study Model During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is reported the use of telehealth services increased by nearly 800% and accounted for nearly a quarter of medical visits during that time (Doraiswamy et al., 2020). The popularity of telehealth services has continued beyond the peak of the pandemic, which has resulted in many medical practices continuing to offer such services. A

BUSI830 Project3 9 hypothetical case study model investigating the dynamics surrounding the implementation of telehealth medicine and the sustainability of its business models within diverse healthcare organizations would analyze the challenges and facilitators that influence the successful integration of telehealth services while ensuring long-term viability. The case study would begin with defining research objectives, which include examining the factors influencing healthcare organizations' decision to implement telehealth services within outpatient settings and assessing the sustainability of various telehealth business models, such as fee-for-service, subscription- based, and hybrid models. The criteria for case selection would encompass multiple facets including the diversity of the various healthcare settings such as primary care or mental health facilities, the specific telehealth services offered such as virtual consultations or remote monitoring, and the type of telehealth business model utilized. Given the multifaceted nature of the case study, it is likely multiple pilot studies would be utilized to refine aspects of the study. Data collection would be both qualitative and quantitative in nature, utilizing interviews, direct observations, surveys, and financial data. From the case, researchers would aim to present illustrative results demonstrating the sustainability of telehealth business models in various settings, along with recommendations of which models yield optimal results for each setting. By offering actionable recommendations tailored to specific contexts, this research would serve as a valuable resource for healthcare decision-makers aiming to optimize their telehealth initiatives while ensuring long-term viability and quality patient care. Conclusion Exploratory case studies act as a versatile framework enabling researchers to study complex phenomena, through the use of case study protocols that allow for both a structured approach and degrees of flexibility. This flexibility, exhibited through pilot studies, allows

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BUSI830 Project3 10 researchers to refine their work and utilize multiple data collection methods to attain comprehensive insights into the phenomena being studied, while also utilizing case study databases to identify patterns that may exist across cases. While there are some ethical considerations governing exploratory case studies, upholding Christian values such as the “Golden Rule” can mitigate concerns such as those that exist in the healthcare industry.

BUSI830 Project3 11 References Alpi, K. M., & Evans, J. J. (2019). Distinguishing case study as a research method from case reports as a publication type. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA , 107 (1), 1. Burnard, K. J. (2023). Developing a robust case study protocol. Management Research Review . Ciesielska, M., Boström, K. W., & Öhlander, M. (2018). Observation methods. Qualitative Methodologies in Organization Studies: Volume II: Methods and Possibilities , 33- 52. Doraiswamy, S., Abraham, A., Mamtani, R., & Cheema, S. (2020). Use of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic: scoping review. Journal of medical Internet research , 22 (12), e24087. Ebneyamini, S., & Sadeghi Moghadam, M. R. (2018). Toward developing a framework for conducting case study research. International journal of qualitative methods , 17 (1), 1609406918817954. Fàbregues, S., & Fetters, M. D. (2019). Fundamentals of case study research in family medicine and community health. Family Medicine and Community Health , 7 (2). Guerra, J. H. L. (2022). CASE STUDY PROTOCOL FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT. REPAE-Revista de Ensino e Pesquisa em Administração e Engenharia , 8 (1), 16-33. Lowe, N. K. (2019). What is a pilot study?. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing , 48 (2), 117-118.

BUSI830 Project3 12 Hancock, D. R., Algozzine, B., & Lim, J. H. (2021). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. Meganck, R., Krivzov, J., Notaerts, L., Willemsen, J., Kaluzeviciute, G., Dewaele, A., & Desmet, M. (2022). The single case archive: Review of a multitheoretical online database of published peer-reviewed single-case studies. Psychotherapy . Mills, A. J., & Helms Mills, J. (2018). Archival research. The SAGE Handbook of qualitative business and management research methods , 32-46. Oweis, T. I. (2018). Effects of using a blended learning method on students’ achievement and motivation to learn English in Jordan: A pilot case study. Education research international , 2018 , 1-7. Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M. A., Sabir, S. S., & Waseem, A. (2019). Case study method: A step-by-step guide for business researchers. International journal of qualitative methods , 18 , 1609406919862424. Schoch, K. (2020). Case study research. Research design and methods: An applied guide for the scholar-practitioner, 245-258. The Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Blue Letter Bible. https://www.blueletterbible.org/niv/index.cfm (Original work published 1973) Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, (6 th edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN: 9781506336169.

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