PHY 101L M2 Kinematics Lab Report

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PHY 101L Module Two Lab Report Name: Date: January 19, 2024 Complete this lab report by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. Activity 1: Graph and Interpret Motion Data of a Moving Object Activity 1 Table 1 Time ( x -axis) (seconds) Position ( y -axis) (meters) 0 0 5 20 10 40 15 50 20 55 30 60 35 70 40 70 45 70 50 55

Activity 1: Questions 1. What is the average speed of the train during the time interval from 0 s to 10 s? 45 / 10 = 4.5 m/s 2. Using the equation: v = s 2 − s 1 t 2 − t 1 , calculate the average speed of the train as it moves from position x = 50 m to x = 60 m. (15 + 20 + 30) / 3 = 21.67m 3. What does the slope of the line during each time interval represent? It represents the strength of the increase in distance relative to time. The higher/steeper the slope, the greater the increase in speed and the more distance covered in the corresponding amount of time. Acceleration and Deceleration 4. From time t = 35 s until t = 45 s, the train is located at the same position. What is the slope of the line while the train is stationary? The slope of the line is 0 as the distance is not increasing or decreasing and therefore, there is no speed relative to the time and distance. 5. Calculate the average speed of the train as it moves from position x = 70 m to x = 55 m. What does the sign of the average velocity during this time interval represent? (55 - 70) / (50 – 45) = -15 / 5 = -3 m/s The sign of the average velocity is negative which represents that the train is moving in the opposite direction. 6. What is the displacement of the train from time t = 0 s until t = 50 s? The displacement is 55 meters 7. What is the total distance traveled by train from time t = 0 s until t = 50 s? The total distance traveled is 85 meters 8. What is the slope of the line during the time interval t = 45 s to t = 50 s? The slope would be -15m / 5s or a slope of -3/1

9. What does the sign of the slope in Question 8 represent in terms of the motion of the train? The negative sign of the slope indicates that the motion of the train is moving backwards or returning the way it came; it is moving backwards or in a negative directions along the y axis. 10. What is the average velocity of the train during the interval t = 0 s to t = 50 s? (55 - 0) / (50 – 0) = 1.1 m/s 11. Does the train’s average velocity during the interval t = 0 s to t = 50 s provide a complete picture of the train’s motion during this time? No. The train’s average velocity in this case is relative to the displacement of the train at its last point, not the varying speed of the train throughout or the stopping point that occurred when the train reached 70 meters. Activity 2: Calculate the Velocity of a Moving Object Activity 2 Table 1 Time (s) Displacement (m)* 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.25 1.18 0.50 1.75 0.75 2.33 1.00 2.88 1.25 3.44 1.50 4.01 1.75 4.57 2.00 *Note that 0.25 m = 25 cm 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 f(x) = 0.4 x − 0.09 Displacement Data of Car Time (s) Displacement (m)

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Activity 2 Table 2 Time (s) Velocity (m/s) 1 .44 2 .44 3 .44 4 .44 5 .44 6 .44 7 .44 8 .44 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Velocity of Car Time (s) Velocity (m/s) Activity 3: Graph the Motion of an Object Traveling Under Constant Acceleration

Activity 3 Table 1 Time (s) Average Time (s) Average Time 2 (s 2 ) Distance (m) Trial 1 =0.00 0.00 0.00 0 Trial 2 =0.00 Trial 3 =0.00 Trial 1 =.58 0.59 0.34 0.1 Trial 2 =.57 Trial 3 =.61 Trial 1 =.85 .84 0.71 0.2 Trial 2 =.84 Trial 3 =.83 Trial 1 =1.02 1.02 1.04 0.3 Trial 2 =1.01 Trial 3 =1.03 Trial 1 =1.32 1.31 1.72 0.4 Trial 2 =1.30 Trial 3 =1.31 Trial 1 =1.51 1.50 2.25 0.5 Trial 2 =1.49 Trial 3 =1.50 Trial 1 =1.76 1.77 3.12 0.6 Trial 2 =1.76 Trial 3 =1.78 Trial 1 =1.89 1.91 3.64 0.7 Trial 2 =1.91 Trial 3 =1.92 Trial 1 =2.10 2.09 4.37 0.8 Trial 2 =2.08 Trial 3 =2.09 *Note that 0.10 m = 10 cm Times 2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Distance vs. Time Time (s) Distance (m) [Insert graph.] 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Distance vs. Time2 Time2 (s2 ) Distance (m) Activity 3: Questions 1. What is the shape of the graph when displacement is graphed against time? It is nearly linear in shape, however, there appear to be some outliers that are most likely as a result of human error calculating the time via stopwatch. 2. What is the shape of the graph when displacement is graphed against time squared? The shape of this graph is nearly linear as well, similar to the displacement against time graph, with some outliers, again, most likely due to human error calculating the time via a stopwatch.

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3. What do the shapes of these graphs tell you about the relationship between distance and displacement for an object traveling at a constant acceleration? The shapes of these graphs indicate the distance and displacement are dependent on one another and that with an object traveling at a constant acceleration, the data should have a consistent slope and portray a linear trend. Activity 4: Predict the Time for a Steel Sphere to Roll Down an Incline Activity 4 Table 1 Steel Sphere Acrylic Sphere A Length of Track (cm) (Step 1, use 80 cm) 80 cm 80 cm B Angle of Elevation (  ) in Degrees (Step 1) 8 8 C Calculated Time from s = 0 to s = 80 (Formula from Step 2) 7.56 7.56 D Measured Time from s = 0 to s = 80 (Step 3 with stopwatch) 8.24 9.61 E % Difference (Step 4) 8.61 % 23.88 % Activity 4: Question 1. What effect does the type of the sphere have on the time of the object to travel the measured distance? Even though the weight distribution is the same on these spheres, the type of sphere matters in regard to how much mass the sphere has. The greater the mass, the greater the increase in resistance and friction. However, the resistance and friction can be overcome by the larger mass having more kinetic energy. Therefore, the resistance, friction and acceleration change based off the type of sphere. Activity 5: Demonstrate That a Sphere Rolling Down the Incline Is Moving Under Constant Acceleration Activity 5: Questions 1. Describe your observations of the sounds made as the sphere crosses the equally spaced rubber bands (procedure Step 4). (If the sounds are too fast to tell apart, lower the angle of the ramp.)

The sounding off of the rubber bands increases in frequency as the ball rolls down the board and increases in speed. This increase in frequency was indicative of the sphere accelerating as it traveled down the board. 2. Describe your observations of the sounds made as the sphere crosses the unequally spaced rubber bands (procedure Step 9)? (Use same angle as Step 4.) The sounding off of the rubber bands was more evenly spaced as the ball rolled at a constant speed rather than increasing in velocity down the board considering it had a consistently greater distance to travel in between the rubber bands. The sound indicated that the sphere was moving with a constant acceleration. 3. Explain the differences you observed, if any, between the sounds with equal spacing and sounds with unequal spacing. The sound emitted from the equally spaced rubber bands increased in frequency as the ball accelerated and whereas the unevenly spaced rubber bands emitted sound at more evenly spaced intervals indicating a constant acceleration.

PHY 101L M2 Kinematics Lab Report

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