Assessment 2A key

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University of Maryland, Baltimore County *

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142

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A 1 BIOL 142 Assessment 2 Fall 2023 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Pictured above is a hypothesized phylogeny of the land plants and their closest relatives, the green algae. Based on what you learned about land plant evolution in class, use this figure to answer the following 3 questions. 1. Which evolutionary innovation first appeared in the branch marked with a number 4? a. vascular tissue d. circular chromosome b. seeds e. cuticles c. roots 2. Which evolutionary innovation first appeared in the branch marked with a number 2? a. pollen d. vascular tissue b. seeds e. cuticles c. chlorophyll 3. If tick mark 5 represents the evolutionary innovation “flowers”, then which taxonomic group best describes letter D ? a. Moss d. Flowering plants b. Charyophyte e. Ferns c. Conifers 4. Which evolutionary innovation allowed plants to “stand up” and pull water away from the ground into their roots, stems, and leaves? a. endosperm d. flowers b. seeds e. gametophytes c. vascular tissue

Name: ________________________ ID: A 2 5. You are studying a completely unknown adult invertebrate and want to determine whether it is a lophotrochozoan or an ecdysozoan. Which of the following would allow you to make the determination? a. The presence of segmentation d. The absence of a trochophore b. The absence of a lophophore e. None of these help, we’d need to observe a juvenile c. The presence of a central nervous system Use this phylogenetic tree of the cats to answer the following 3 questions. 6. Using this phylogeny of the cats, which statement is FALSE? a. Tiger is equally related to snow leopard and jaguar. b. Jaguar is equally related to leopard and lion. c. Snow leopard is more closely related to tiger than to clouded leopard. d. Lion is more closely related to leopard than to jaguar. e. Clouded leopard is equally related to tiger and jaguar. 7. With which species does the jaguar share a most recent common ancestor? a. Lion d. Leopard b. Tiger e. More than one option is correct. c. Snow Leopard 8. Which species is/are most closely related to the tiger? a. Snow Leopard d. Leopard b. Clouded Leopard e. More than one option is correct. c. Jaguar

Name: ________________________ ID: A 3 A population of mice once lived north of the Amazon River. These mice are not good swimmers, but one day, a pregnant female was swept across the river in a storm. She and her offspring founded a new population south of the river, geographically isolated from the northern population. Allele frequencies were immediately different between the two populations. One million years later, when a researcher brought mice from the two populations into the lab, she found that, even though the mice were morphologically identical, sperm from the northern population was unable to fertilize the eggs of the southern population. Use this information to answer the following 4 questions. 9. What evolutionary mechanism best explains the immediate differences in allele frequencies between the two populations? a. gene flow d. assortative mating b. mutation e. genetic drift c. selection 10. Which species concept best describes these two groups now? a. sympatric d. genetic drift b. allopatric e. morphological c. biological 11. What form of geographic isolation separated the two populations of mice? a. vicariance d. selection b. sympatry e. gametic c. dispersal 12. Which reproductive barrier evolved between the northern and southern populations? a. hybrid sterility d. geographic b. behavioral e. gametic incompatibility c. mechanical

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Name: ________________________ ID: A 4 On the chordate tree above, the numbers correspond to the mark (or marks) closest to them. Use this tree to answer the following 4 questions 13. Tick mark number 7 is best represented by which evolutionary innovation? a. amniotic egg d. keratin scales b. vertebrae e. central nervous system c. lactation 14. The only way to make the group Reptilia monophyletic is to include which of the following groups? a. Insects d. Fish b. Birds e. Amphibians c. Mammals

Name: ________________________ ID: A 5 15. Which of the locations corresponds to the development of a hollow dorsal nerve cord? a. 2 d. 4 b. 8 e. 3 c. 1 16. Are “fish” monophyletic? a. Yes b. No This tree represents evolutionary relationships among life’s three domains. Use this tree to answer the following 3 questions. 17. Which domain is represented by Group Y? a. Animalia d. Archaea b. Eukarya e. More than one option could be correct. c. Bacteria 18. What does node #1 represent? a. Nucleus d. Undulating flagellum b. Linear chromosome e. LUCA (last universal common ancestor) c. LUCA-E (last universal common ancestor of Eukarya) 19. Using the principle of parsimony, which evolutionary innovation could be represented by tick mark A? a. LUCA d. Loss of a circular chromosome b. Loss of peptidoglycan e. Gain of a circular chromosome c. Gain of a nucleus 20. Which group of fungi is responsible for the massive decline of amphibians in Central and South America? a. Arbuscular mycorrhizae d. Zygomycetes b. Basidiomycetes e. Ascomycetes c. Chytrids

Name: ________________________ ID: A 6 21. Which mode of selection most likely explains sympatric speciation? a. genetic drift d. stabilizing selection b. sexual selection e. directional selection c. disruptive selection 22. What does “extreme” mean with respect to Archaea? a. The number of species in the domain b. The number of chromosomes in a cell c. The age of the most recent common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya d. An environment in which humans could not survive e. The spelling of the word “Archaea” The taxonomic family Staridae includes all species of turtles that have a star on their shell, denoted using a star in the figure above. The taxonomic family Circlidae includes all species of turtles with a circle on their shell, denoted with a circle in the figure. When researchers analyzed the DNA of 6 species of Staridae and 4 species of Circlidae, they hypothesized the phylogenetic relationships pictured in the figure above. Use this information to answer the following 3 questions. 23. Which of the following terms best describes the family Staridae? a. polytomy d. monophyletic b. synapomorphy e. paraphyletic c. root 24. Which node represents the most recent common ancestor of species in the family Staridae? a. A d. D b. B e. E c. C 25. Which of the following terms best describes the family Circlidae? a. paraphyletic d. synapomorphy b. root e. monophyletic c. polytomy

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Name: ________________________ ID: A 7 26. Which of the following hypotheses best describes the evolution of modern (extant) humans? a. Homo sapiens walked on its fists when it first evolved, then on its knuckles, and finally on two legs (bipedal). b. Homo sapiens first arose in Africa and then dispersed across the land masses in multiple directions. c. Homo erectus first arose in Africa and then dispersed into the Asian continent, where it diverged into 4 species, one of which is Homo sapiens. d. Homo erectus was the first hominid to use its hands to make tools. e. The closest living relative to Homo sapiens is the orangutan. 27. Which of the following traits can be found in both protostomes and deuterostomes? a. Spiral cell division in embryos d. The coelom forms independent of the gut b. A central nervous system e. The first pore in embryonic development becomes the mouth c. Metamorphosis 28. Eukaryotes are thought to have arisen around 1 billion years ago via which process? a. An Archaeal cell engulfed a Bacterial cell and the two cells became symbiotic. b. A Bacterial cell engulfed an Archaeal cell and the two cells became symbiotic. c. RNA was formed from inorganic compounds with the addition of light and energy. d. DNA was transcribed into RNA; RNA was translated into proteins. e. A nucleus was formed from inorganic compounds with the addition of light and energy. 29. Tungara frogs call to attract mates, but bats can eavesdrop on these calls to prey on the frogs. Which of the following answer choices is a correct description of disruptive selection acting in this species of frog? a. In habitats with fewer bats present, frogs call more, whereas in habitats with a lot of bats, frogs call less b. All frogs call more in the day when bats are sleeping, but call less at night when bats are awake c. All frogs call a certain, middle-amount to maximize both attracting a mate and avoiding being eaten d. All frogs call more in order to have the highest chance of attracting a mate e. All frogs call less in order to have the highest chance of avoiding being eaten by bats 30. Which of the three tree topologies in the figure above is different from the other two? a. 2 b. 3 c. 1

Name: ________________________ ID: A 8 31. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? a. One is the evolution of very small organisms; the other is the evolution of very large organisms b. One refers to allopatric speciation; the other refers to sympatric speciation. c. One refers to a pre-Darwinian understanding of evolution; the other refers to a post-Darwinian understanding of evolution. d. One refers to evolution over short time scales like a generation; the other is evolution over very long time scales, often leading to speciation e. One refers to the evolution of prokaryotes; the other refers to the evolution of eukaryotes. 32. Which of the following statements about species concepts is correct ? a. A weakness of the unified species concept is that if one component concept is missing data, the unified species concept cannot be used. b. A strength of the phylogenetic species concept is that monophyletic groups are always unique species. c. A strength of the morphological species concept is that it is not subjective. d. A strength of the genetic species concept is that there is a percent difference that clearly defines different species. e. A weakness of the biological species concept is that it cannot be applied to asexual species. 33. Which of the following is not required to demonstrate that a microbe is causing an infectious disease in a patient? a. The microbe must be resistant to antibiotics. b. The microbe must be isolated from the patient and grown in pure culture. c. The microbe must be present in individuals suffering the disease. d. If healthy individuals are injected with the microbe, they must get the disease e. These are all required to demonstrate that a microbe is causing an infection. 34. You notice two different types of squirrels on campus and want to know if they’re different species. What kind of data would you use to test the biological species concept? a. Morphological characteristics like coat color d. The number of individuals of each type b. DNA sequences e. Behavioral observations to determine if they choose to mate with each other c. RNA sequences 35. How many axes of time are there on a phylogeny? a. 1 d. 3 b. 0 e. It depends on whether you are comparing extant or extinct taxa. c. 2

Name: ________________________ ID: A 9 36. This phylogenetic tree of birds shows the divergence time in millions of years on the vertical axis, and the decimal values at each divergence node represent sequence divergence (with possible values of 0 to 1). Using the formula D = ut, and assuming the mutation rate is constant, how many millions of years ago did the common ancestor of all these birds exist? a. 70.5 mya d. 79.8 mya b. 115.5 mya e. 65 mya c. 9.4 mya 37. Which of the following traits is never lost when juvenile animals become adults? a. bilarteral symmetry d. living in water b. segmentation e. trochophores c. lophophores 38. Extant species remain distinct in sympatry because they don’t make backcrossing hybrids. a. True b. False 39. Which of the following did not contribute to Arthropoda being the most diverse group of animals on earth? a. bony jaws d. a water-retaining outer layer, like a cuticle b. metamorphosis e. the terrestrialization of plants c. segmentation

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Name: ________________________ ID: A 10 40. Which of the following is NOT an example of a reproductive barrier to gene flow? a. Two groups of birds mate with each other but produce deformed offspring. b. Drosophila sechellia males refuse to mate with Drosophila melanogaster females because they have different pheromones. c. Pollen from oak trees cannot fertilize the ovules of maple trees. d. Female crickets in one species reject heterospecific males because they are not attracted to the pulse rate of their song. e. Two groups of mice are separated by a river that they cannot swim across.

ID: A 1 BIOL 142 Assessment 2 Fall 2023 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: B PTS: 1 2. ANS: E PTS: 1 3. ANS: C PTS: 1 4. ANS: C PTS: 1 5. ANS: E PTS: 1 6. ANS: A PTS: 1 7. ANS: E PTS: 1 8. ANS: A PTS: 1 9. ANS: E PTS: 1 10. ANS: C PTS: 1 11. ANS: C PTS: 1 12. ANS: E PTS: 1 13. ANS: A PTS: 1 14. ANS: B PTS: 1 15. ANS: C PTS: 1 16. ANS: B PTS: 1 17. ANS: E PTS: 1 18. ANS: E PTS: 1 19. ANS: B PTS: 1 20. ANS: C PTS: 1 21. ANS: C PTS: 1 22. ANS: D PTS: 1 23. ANS: E PTS: 1 24. ANS: A PTS: 1 25. ANS: E PTS: 1 26. ANS: B PTS: 1 27. ANS: B PTS: 1 28. ANS: A PTS: 1 29. ANS: A PTS: 1 30. ANS: A PTS: 1 31. ANS: D PTS: 1 32. ANS: E PTS: 1 33. ANS: A PTS: 1 34. ANS: E PTS: 1 35. ANS: A PTS: 1 36. ANS: D PTS: 1 37. ANS: B PTS: 1 38. ANS: A PTS: 1 39. ANS: A PTS: 1

ID: A 2 40. ANS: E PTS: 1

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Assessment 2A key

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