Unit 1 practice questions_Questions ONLY_STUDENT.docx - Google Docs

pdf

School

University of British Columbia *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

112

Subject

Biology

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by PrivateElectronGull36

1 BIOL 112: Unit 1 Practice Questions & Answers U pdated Fall 2020 This document contains some questions for you to practice. The questions are grouped by topic. We encourage you to use the learning objectives to guide your studying; ask yourself if you could answer each objective if it was in the form of a question. There are different levels of questions provided: 1. Study questions : these are questions on your direct knowledge of the topics, so essentially covers the basics & helps you practice to make sure you get the fundamentals. Work with these questions first to build up your skills. 2. Exam Style questions: Can be multiple choice, multiple answers: these are the types of questions you are likely to see on the exam – various levels of application of the fundamental knowledge and skills for each topic area. 3. Open response questions (ORQs) : a few examples to give you an idea of the kinds of short answer questions you will see on the exams. Unit 1-1: General properties and types of cells Unit 1-1: Study questions: 1. What are the key features that define “what is a cell?” and self-replicating organisms? 2. What are the three domains on the tree of life? 3. What are the differences between bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells? Unit 1.1 Exam Type Questions: 4. What is TRUE about the size and shape of cells? A. All cells are the same size and shape. B. Different cells can have both different sizes and different shapes. C. Different cells are the same size, but not all cells are the same shape. D. All cells are the same shape, but not all cells are the same size. E. All cells are spherical. 5. The scientific theory known as “The Cell Theory” states that: A. All cells are related from a common ancestry. B. The cell is a highly organized structure. C. Cells do not arise from spontaneous generation. D. All cells arise from pre-existing cells and all organisms are made of cells. 6. Choose the best answer: Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between cells and organisms? A. Bacteria are not considered “organisms” since they only consist of a single cell. B. An organism can be made up of one cell or multiple cells. C. An organism is a living entity made up of multiple cells. D. A multi-cellular organism is always made up of many different cell types. E. All cells are organisms.

2 7. Choose the incorrect statement: A. Bacteria and Archaea cells are more genetically related than Eukarya because they are both prokaryotic. B. A eukaryote is defined as a cell with a membrane bound nucleus. C. Bacterial cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. D. The domain Eukarya consists of organisms that contain eukaryotic cells. 8. In eukaryotic cells, other than the nucleus, the cytoplasm is the entire contents of the cell while the cytosol is … . A. The same as the cytoplasm. B. The aqueous contents of the nucleus. C. The region inside the cell but outside the organelles. D. The entire contents of the cell including the nucleus. 9. A researcher discovers a strange type of cell in a sample of pond water. What feature of the cell can she use to determine if the cell is bacterial or eukaryotic? A. Whether is carries out photosynthesis B. The size of the cell C. The presence of a cell wall D. The presence of internal membranes E. The presence of ribosomes 10. Which of the following statements about cell evolution is true? A. Prokaryotes evolved more than 4 billion years ago, but eukaryotes only evolved 2 billion years ago. B. Prokaryotes acquired mitochondria by endosymbiosis with a eukaryote. C. The common ancestor cell was archaebacterium. D. Eukaryotes arose from eubacteria long after archeabacteria and eubacteria had diverged from each other. 11. Why can the results from studies of cellular processes in the bacterium E. coli be applied to cellular processes that occur in humans? A. It is a single-celled organism and it is easy to culture. B. It shares a common ancestor with eukaryotes so many processes are conserved. C. It is a model eukaryotic cell that contains a nucleus like human cells. D. It has a complex cellular metabolism. E. It is enclosed by a plasma membrane. 12. Which of the following cellular structures or compartments are found in all cells (Make an X beside all that are common to all cells). A. ____Nucleus. B. ____Ribosomes. C. ____Cytosol. D. ____Plasma Membrane. E. ____Mitochondria. F. ____Chloroplasts

3 Unit 1.1 Open Response (ORQ) Style Questions: 13. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have evolved different cellular strategies as cells. What are some differences between these types of cells? What characteristics could you use to distinguish between them? 14 . A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) consists of a shell of proteins surrounding a single strand of RNA, all surrounded by a lipid bilayer. a. List the macromolecules found in the virus. b. Describe at least two reasons that a virus does not meet the criteria to be considered a cell. 15. Streptomyces are often filamentous cells (branching) that produce important antibiotics. What two features could you use to determine if they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

4 Unit 1-2: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cell Growth OMITTED IN TERM 1 Unit 1.2 Exam Type Questions: Bacteria are routinely cultured for various purposes in the laboratory setting. Scientists typically grow bacteria in different types of growth media depending on the downstream applications for the bacteria. Growth media (or culture media) can be either liquid or solid, and are specifically designed to support the growth of cell. Let’s pretend for a moment that you’re a scientist working in a lab. You have a strain of bacteria that you would like to study but you’re not entirely sure what kind of media to grow your cells in. But you’re clever! You know that most cells are primarily composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. 1. How does the cell use these elements? (think of the major macromolecules as a start) Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus 2.

5 3. You then do a growth curve to see which nutrient is best able to promote growth and get the following data. For each statement in the table below, state whether it is True or False, based on this graph. The best medium for rapid bacterial growth is the fatty acid medium. The bacteria can use glycerol as a source of energy The exponential phase of the bacteria grown with glycerol is longer than the exponential phase of the bacteria grown with lactose All three media promote growth The bacteria growth with the fatty acid experience a exponential phase The bacteria grow fastest in media containing glycerol

6 The bacteria in the media supplemented with lactose have the shortest generation time The bacteria in the media supplemented with the fatty acid have the longest generation time The bacteria in all three media have the same length of exponential phase and stationary phase 3. The nutrient source that this bacteria can best utilize to promote growth is ______________________ _. 4. The graph below is the growth curve for your bacteria grown in the media supplemented with lactose. Use the graph below to answer the questions below. Write the corresponding letter beside the correct statement. More than one letter can be correct for each statement. Tips on Interpreting Cell Population Growth Questions: ● Interpret the growth pattern of the overall/average population - not outliers. ● Evaluate the population of cells in each stage e.g. the flat curve for lag phase is generated by different behaviors than stationary phase.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

7 Death phase: Exponential phase: Stationary phase: Lag phase: The overall population is not actively dividing: The overall population number is not increasing: The overall population is dividing exponentially: The death rate is higher than the growth rate: The growth rate is equal to 0: Essential nutrients have become limited: Waste products are building up in the media: DNA is being replicated prior to cell division: Transcription and translation are occurring within the cell: Binary fission is occurring in cells: Rate of DNA replication is the fastest: Unit 1.2 Open Response (ORQ) Style Questions: 5. What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through A? 6. What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through B? 7. What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through C?

8 8. What would happen if lactose was removed from the media mid-way through D? Unit 1-3 Chemistry for Biology See the Mastery Learning Modules Activities for Practice Problems on this unit. This can be found on the BIOL 112 Tutorial Canvas site under Mastery Learning Modules Unit 1-4: Introduction to macromolecules in cells Unit 1-4: Study questions: 1. What are the four main types of biologically important macromolecules? What is the general role of each type? What are the monomers (“building blocks”) of each of these macromolecules? 2. What is the general structure of the monomer (building block) of proteins? Describe and draw this structure. 3. What are the names of the termini (ends) of a protein chain? 4. What is the general structure of the monomer (building block) of nucleic acids? Describe and draw this general structure. What are the differences between the DNA monomer and the RNA monomer? 5. Look at Figure 2.18. Predict the types of non-covalent interactions that nucleic acid monomers can participate in. 6. What are the names of the termini (ends) of a nucleic acid? 7. What is the general structure of the monomer (building block) of complex carbohydrates? 8. What are the names of the termini (ends) of a carbohydrate? 9. What types of lipids are found in cell membranes? 10. What is the general structure of the monomer (building block) of phospholipid? 11. By convention how is the directionality of a DNA molecule expressed? 12. What is the directionality observed in a polypeptide? Unit 1.4: Exam Style Questions : 13. Why is water capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the major macromolecules? A. The hydrogen atoms carry partial positive charges. B. The oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge. C. It is a polar molecule. D. The hydrogen atom is less electronegative than the oxygen atom. E. All of the above apply. 14. Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is true? A. They are covalent bonds with water. B. They are non-covalent bonds formed between hydrocarbons in water. C. They are non-covalent bonds formed between nonpolar groups. D. They are non-covalent bonds formed only in the presence of water. E. They are non-covalent bonds that help maintain the 3-D structure of macromolecules.

9 15. Fill in the blanks: Macromolecular structures are assembled in this order: __________ are joined together by __________ bonds to form biological __________, which associate with each other by __________ bonds, forming larger structures. A. Monomers, covalent, polymers, noncovalent B. Polymers, covalent, monomers, noncovalent C. Monomers, noncovalent, polymers, covalent D. Polymers, noncovalent, monomers, covalent 16. In this picture showing one of the nitrogenous bases of DNA, which of the circled atoms is least likely to hydrogen bond with water? 17. How many atoms in the pictured molecule can form H-bonds with water molecules? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 7 18. How many atoms in the pictured molecule can form H-bonds with water molecules? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

10 D. 4 E. 7 19. Below is a diagram showing two nucleotides that are H-bonded to each other. An isoleucine in the primary structure of a DNA binding protein was shown to interact with these molecules (A and T base pair). Using just this information, which one of the circled atoms/groups shown on the molecules below is likely to have an induced-dipole – induced-dipole interaction with the isoleucine? A. group 1 B. group 2 C. group 3 D. group 4 E. group 5 Unit 1.4: Open Response (ORQ) Style Questions 20. Conditions of low pH (hydrogen ion, H + , concentration is increased) will affect amino acids and proteins. For some amino acids, side chains that were negatively charged at neutral pH may become neutral and for other amino acids side chains that were neutral may become positively charged. These effects might contribute to altering the tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein by which of the following mechanisms (choose all that apply)? 1. _____Breaking of peptide bonds. 2. _____Changing the ionic interactions. 3. _____Making new Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole interactions 4. _____Changing the amino acid sequence. 5. _____Causing charge repulsion. Continued next page...

11 21. On the diagram below, label five types of non-covalent interactions that phospholipids can participate in (with water or another phospholipid). Draw water molecules (H-O-H) as required.

12 Unit 1-5: Membranes – Phospholipids, membrane structure, and membrane self-assembly Unit 1.5: Study questions: 1. Why do phospholipids spontaneously assemble into specific lipid structures? Look at Figure 5.3, why does each of these structures form? What determines whether a micelle, bilayer or liposome forms? 2. What are the different components that make up a phospholipid? 3. What is the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure? Why is it called this? 4. Explain, in your own words, why the formation of a phospholipid bilayer in an aqueous solution is a spontaneous process using the terms delta G, entropy, hydrophobic effect and non-covalent interactions. Unit 1.5: Exam Style Questions : 5. What is the most important factor explaining the spontaneous assembly of phospholipids into a bilayer in an aqueous solution? A. Increased entropy of water, and thereby the stability of the system B. Increased entropy of lipids, and thereby the enthalpy of the system C. Formation of ionic bonds between the phospholipids, and thereby increased Δ H D. Stabilization of permanent dipole-induced dipole interactions E. Increased Induced dipole-induced dipole interactions between the phospholipid head groups F. Many non-covalent interactions between the hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipids 6. Based on the structures shown, which of these lipids can form bilayers on their own in an aqueous environment? A. A only B. B only C. Both D. Neither

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

13 7. Why are phospholipids well suited to be the main structural components of membranes? 1. They are completely insoluble in water. 2. They can self assemble into a bilayer 3. They form a structure in which the hydrophobic portion faces outward. 4. They are made from atoms that are commonly available in foods. 5. They form a single sheet in water. 6. They form a selectively permeable structure. A. 1, 4 and 6 B. 2, 3 and 5 C. 3 and 5 D. 2 and 6 E. 1 and 6 Unit 1.5: Open Response (ORQ) Style Questions 8. The structure below is for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a commonly used laboratory detergent. Put a check beside the statements that are correct regarding the structure and behavior of SDS. 1. ____Many SDS molecules in solution will form a micelle due to the hydrophobic tail and the hydrophilic head. 2. ____The negatively charged oxygen atom would be exposed on the hydrophilic surface of the membrane. 3. ____The amphipathic nature of this molecule can result in SDS inserting into the cell membrane. 4. ____The nonpolar portion of SDS can form Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole interactions with the hydrocarbon chains of phospholipids. 9. In some cells, cholesterol has a sugar (glucose) attached to it, forming a "glycolipid”. a) Predict how this modification would affect the solubility of this molecule in water, compared to the unmodified cholesterol. Explain your reasoning with your knowledge of noncovalent interactions. Word limit: 4-5 sentences. b) Describe how the cholesterol molecule would be arranged in a phospholipid bilayer, and whether this modification would alter that arrangement.

14 Unit 1-6: Membranes – Membrane selective permeability, transport, and diffusion. Unit 1.6: Study questions: 1. What are the different types of passive transport across cell membranes? What are the similarities and differences of each type? 2. What is the definition of diffusion, how does this relate to the different types of passive transport? 3. In the textbook, Chapter, Figure 5.9. Describe what the green solute particles are doing in each flask. Are they static, or are they moving? If so, in what direction? 4. What is osmosis? How is this the same or different from other types of passive transport? 5. Look at Chapter 5, Figure 5.11. Compare this figure to Figure 5.9, what is different in this scenario? 6. Look at Figure 5.14, relative to the shown solute concentration, what is the water concentration inside the cell? Outside the cell? 7. How does active transport compare to passive transport? 8. What is an electrochemical gradient? 9. Compare the active transport that is shown in Figure 5.12 and 5.13? What are the similarities and differences? Unit 1.6: Exam Style Questions : 10. Which of the following statements is true about passive diffusion? A. Passive diffusion operates independently of concentration. B. Passive diffusion phenomena can never reach equilibrium. C. Passive diffusion requires no expenditure of cellular energy. D. Passive diffusion moves molecules into a cell, but not out of the cell. E. Passive diffusion does not occur in cells that possess a cell wall.

15 11. This figure shows the uptake of 4 amino acids into cells. Given these data and your knowledge of relative permeability of lipid bilayers to different kinds of molecules, which of the following is correct? A. Leucine gets in by active transport; serine, glycine and proline get in by passive transport. B. Serine and leucine get in by active transport; glycine and proline get in by facilitated diffusion. C. Leucine gets in by active transport; serine, glycine and proline get in by facilitated diffusion. D. All four amino acids get in by facilitated diffusion. E. Leucine, serine, and glycine get in by active transport; proline gets in by facilitated diffusion. 12. The figure below shows data from two experiments looking at the uptake of the amino acid tryptophan in E.coli cells. At the arrow in the graph, a solution containing tryptophan was added to the media. For experiment 1, tryptophan alone was added. For experiment 2, tryptophan + KCN (potassium cyanide, a known ATP synthesis inhibitor) were added. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the differences observed in the two uptake curves? A. KCN binds to the phosphate groups on the phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane, reducing the permeability as shown in curve 2 B. Tryptophan is taken up by facilitated diffusion in curve 1 and by active transport in curve 2 with ATP providing the energy for uptake. C. Tryptophan is taken up by active transport in curve 1 and no uptake occurs in Curve 2 without available ATP. D. KCN binds to tryptophan making it too big to diffuse through the membrane (curve 2)

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

16 Unit 1.6: Open Response (ORQ) Style Questions 12. A protein named PGP can be found in the membrane of kidney cells. PGP is known to be a membrane transporter of Metabolite X – but you don’t know what type of transporter it is. To investigate this, kidney cells were placed in growth media containing Metabolite X, and the concentration of this metabolite was measured inside and outside the cells over 30 minutes. From the following graph, interpret the data by answering the following questions . a. Using the letter X to represent metabolite X, draw the relative concentrations of the metabolite at the initial time and later time: b. Based on the data, what type of transporter is PGP? 13. The graph below shows the effect of an inhibitor of the Na+/K+ ATPase on glucose uptake in a mammalian cell. Explain what mechanism of transport can account for the fact that inhibition of Na+/K+ transporter can lead to decreased transport of another solute.

17 Unit 1-7: Proteins – Structure and self-assembly Unit 1.7: Study questions: 1. List of the 4 levels of structure. Name the covalent and non-covalent interactions that occur in each level of structure. 2. What are protein subunits? What is the highest level of structure that forms in a single protein subunit? What is the highest level of structure that forms between multiple subunits? 3. See chapter 5, figure 5.10. In channel and carrier proteins, what types of amino acids can be found within the channel i.e. the opening? How about the amino acids that interact with the lipid tails? With the inside or outside of the cell membrane? 4. List all the types of non-covalent interactions that can form between amino acids that are; hydrophobic, hydrophilic, positively charged, negatively charged. Provide examples. 5. What properties of the primary structure of a polypeptide chain dictate how a final folded protein will form? Unit 1.7: Exam Style Questions: 6. What is the strongest type of non-covalent bond that the polar amino acid side chains can participate in with each other? (The table on Canvas “Chemical bonds for biology” may be helpful here.) A. Ionic bonds B. Ion – Permanent-dipole C. Permanent-dipole – Permanent-dipole D. Permanent-dipole – Induced-dipole E. Induced-dipole – Induced-dipole 7. What is the best description of this figure? A. Peptide bonds are formed by the carboxyl groups of amino acids being covalently linked by sharing electrons. B. Peptide bonds are formed by the carboxyl group of one amino acid being covalently linked to the amino group of another amino acid. C. Peptide bonds are formed by the carbon attached to R-group being covalently linked to the next R-group. D. Peptide bonds are formed by the central carbon atom in an amino acid being covalently linked to 4 groups. E. Peptide bonds are formed by a nitrogen and a carbon within one amino acid being covalently linked. 8. Imagine that leucine is in the hydrophobic region of a particular protein. By mutation, this leucine is substituted with another amino acid. Which substitution would have the least effect on the protein? (See the chart of amino acids in your textbook) . A. Asparagine B. Valine C. Aspartic acid D. Glutamic acid E. Lysine

18 9. A(n) ____________ inhibitor has a structure similar to the substrate of an enzyme, where as a(n) __________ inhibitor does not need to have a structure similar to the substrate. A. competitive; reversible B. competitive; non-competitive C. non-competitive; irreversible D. reversible; irreversible 10. The central green pore structure in the picture shown represents an outer membrane protein called a porin found in some bacteria. Porins are water channels that allow the transport of small ions or charged molecules. A. The R-groups of the amino acids lining the outer surface of the porin spanning the lipid bilayer and making contact with the lipid tails, are likely to be: A. mainly polar and charged R groups B. an equal mix of charged and uncharged R groups C. mainly non-polar R groups B. The R-groups of the amino acids lining the inner surface of the porin water channel are likely to be: A. mainly uncharged R groups B. an equal mix of charged and uncharged R groups C. mainly polar R groups 11. Which statement(s) are true about protein secondary structure? (Choose any/all that apply) 1. They form as a result of repetitive H-bonds between two carbonyl groups of the peptide bond. 2. They form as a result of repetitive H-bonds between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acyl residue and the hydrogen on the amide group of another. 3. They form as a result of repetitive H-bonds between the peptide bond groups and the adjacent R-groups. 4. They form as a result of repetitive H-bonds between R-groups. 5. One type is an α – helix 6. One type is a β -pleated sheet 12. Tertiary structures of proteins results from which of the following interactions? (Choose any/all that apply) 1. Non-covalent interactions between the backbone and the R-groups 2. Non-covalent interactions between the R-groups 3. Covalent bonds between the backbone and S-containing R-groups

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

19 13. You are given the amino acid sequence of a protein. All 20 of the common amino acids are present in the protein. When you know the amino acid sequence, what can you predict about the final conformation this protein will assume (choose all that apply)? 1. ____If this protein will form a quaternary structure 2. ___Whether secondary structures like alpha helices will form within the protein. 3. ____If, in the 2 o structure, a disulphide (S-S) bond will form between 2 cysteine residues. 4. ___If this protein contains transmembrane domains through the lipid bilayer. Unit 1.7: Open Response (ORQ) Style Questions 14. Regulatory proteins called G proteins contain a GDP-binding pocket that is important for their activity. The figure below shows the nucleotide GDP interacting with the protein’s amino acid side chains. The amino acids are labeled with their three-letter codes. For each pair given below, draw (using dashed lines) the strongest type of non-covalent bond on the diagram. (If there is a ‘tie’ choose the closest interaction.) a. The interaction between the side chain of Lys, and the phosphate group of the nucleotide. What type of non-covalent interaction is this? b. The interaction between the side chain of Glu, and the ribose group of the nucleotide. What type of non-covalent interaction is this? c. The interaction between the side chain of Tyr and the base of the nucleotide. What type of non-covalent interaction is this?

20 15. You make single amino acid changes in the GDP-binding pocket of the G protein shown in the figure above, and examine their effects on the binding of GDP. Consider the nature (e.g. charge, polarity, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity) of the amino acid side chains and give the most likely reason why each of the amino acid changes has the stated effect. Consider each amino acid change independently. a. Arg is changed to a Lys, resulting in a G protein that still binds GDP. b. Lys is changed to a Glu, resulting in a G protein that cannot bind GDP.

Unit 1 practice questions_Questions ONLY_STUDENT.docx - Google Docs

Related Documents