SV_ Mock Exam 1_ chap 18-20-1

Name: _________________________ Date: _________________________ 1-50 MULTIPLE CHOICE (2 POINTS EACH). BEFORE YOU BEGIN THIS EXAM, PUT YOUR NAME ON THE TOP OF THIS PAGE WITH A SMALL DRAWING (E.G. TURTLE, SNAKE, HAPPY FACE) NEXT TO IT FOR ONE BONUS POINT. 1. During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, “The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result.” Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student’s misconception… a. Characteristics acquired during an organism’s life are not passed on through genes b. Spontaneous mutations can results in the appearance of new traits c. Only favorable adaptations have survival value d. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance 2. Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? a. Bones in the hindlimb of a kangaroo b. Chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly c. Bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish d. Bones in the flipper of a whale 3. Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U and V) makes up… a. A monophyletic taxon b. An ingroup, with species U as the outgroup c. A polyphyletic group d. A paraphyletic group 4. What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting? a. The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal. b. The sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual. c. The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different environments. d. Every racial and ethnic group has inherited different short tandem repeats. O O O &

5. Evolution is a genetic change in an individual species over time. a. True b. False 6. Using the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 20.1, which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 7. Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with? a. Populations change over time b. Living species have arisen from earlier life forms c. Modern species arose through a process known as “descent with modification” d. Descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics e. Descent with modification occurs by natural selection 8. With what other idea of his time was Cuvier’s theory of catastrophism most in conflict? a. Gradualism b. The Fixity of species c. Island Biogeography d. Uniformitarianism e. The scala naturae 9. In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is… a. A shared ancestral character b. A shared derived character c. A character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals d. An example of analogy rather than homology e. A character useful for sorting bird species & O O - O &

15. A ____________ group pertains to a taxon derived from a single ancestral species that gave rise to no other species in any other taxa. a. Monophyletic b. Paraphyletic c. Polyphyletic d. None of the above 16. The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions, including the idea that a. The density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. b. The number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes. c. Most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. d. The genomes of other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome. 17. The best classification system is that which most closely… a. Unites organisms that possess similar morphologies b. Conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices c. Reflects evolutionary history d. Reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes 18. Homeotic genes… a. Encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. b. Are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. c. Are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. d. Encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 19. Evolution can be observed and tested. a. True b. False -- & O O & &

20. A whole set of genes and their interactions is termed… a. Genes b. Alleles c. Genomes d. Gnomes e. None of the above 21. Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, known as __________ are the ultimate source of new alleles. a. Mediocre b. Mutagens c. Mutations d. Metastasis 22. On a phylogenetic tree, the point where two or more taxa from a common ancestor diverge is known as a… a. Branch point b. Point break c. Symplesiomorphy d. Sister taxa e. Sister point 23. The scientific study of fossils is… a. Biogeography b. Paleontology c. Ecology d. Geology e. Conservation 24. How do transposable elements contribute to genome evolution? a. They decrease the chances for recombination of genes during meiosis. b. They maintain the function of control genes. c. They cause unequal crossing over during meiosis. d. They carry entire genes or individual exons to new locations. O O O O &

30. Which of the following are the best examples of homologous structures? a. Bones in the bat wing and in the human forelimb b. Owl wing and hornet wing c. Bat wing and bird wing d. Eyelessness in the Australian mole and the eyelessness in the North American Mole e. None of the above 31. A __________ structure is a historical remnant of structures that had important functions in ancestors. a. Homovestigial b. Vestigial c. Homolog d. Anavestigial e. Metamorphosis 32. Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. a. 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 b. 4 → 2 → 1 → 3 c. 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 d. 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 33. If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup… a. Wolf b. Domestic cat c. Frog d. Leopard O O O &

34. Which of the following statements correctly describes a multigene family? a. It is composed of multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. b. It is made up of genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. c. It contains many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. d. It consists of a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 35. The field of ___________ compares developmental processes of different multicellular organisms to understand how these processes have evolved and how changes can modify existing organismal features or lead to new ones. a. Evolutionary developmental biology b. Genomics c. Bioinformatics d. Evolutionary ecology e. Developmental ecology 36. Convergent evolution uses analogous features to describe… a. Distantly related organisms that have structures for different functions. b. The dependent evolution of similar features in different lineages. c. Two mammals that have adapted to similar environments in a similar way. d. Features that share common ancestry but not necessarily similar functions. 37. DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that… a. Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor b. Humans evolved from chimpanzees c. Chimpanzees evolved from humans d. Convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities & O O O

42. Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation? a. Male turtles wiggling their claws in front of female turtles b. Salt glands in the albatross c. The preen gland that produces oil for waterproofing feathers d. A praying mantis that looks like a leaf 43. An approach to study biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on the study of the interactions among the systems parts is… a. ENCODE b. GenBank c. Bioinformatics d. System biology e. Genetics 44. When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? a. Shared primitive characters b. Analogous primitive characters c. Shared derived characters d. The number of homoplasies e. Overall phenotypic similarity 45. In a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed is termed… a. Outgroup b. Ingroup c. Optimal group d. Interest group e. Ideal group & G O O

46. What are adaptations? a. Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments b. Acquired characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments c. Processes that allow individuals with certain inherited traits to survive and reproduce d. Patterns seen in fossils documenting the origins of other new groups of organisms 47. To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree… a. Choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. b. Choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. c. Choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology. d. Choose the tree with the fewest branch points. 48. The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is a. Having a large number of base pairs. b. Having a larger proportion of exonic DNA than of intronic DNA. c. Having a reliable average rate of mutation. d. It’s recent origin by a gene duplication event. e. It's being acted upon by natural selection. 49. Based on this tree, which statement is NOT correct? a. The salamander lineage is a basal taxon. b. Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans. c. Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans. d. Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans. O O O O