Worksheet #6 COMPLETE

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Apr 3, 2024

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BIO1050 - Todd Week 6 – Infective Heredity Listen to the podcast episode and answer the following questions. 1. Summarize the traditional or “textbook” explanation behind the color change that was observed in the peppered moths. (2 pt) - The peppered moths, which were originally white with black flecks, evolved to be darker (black) due to the Industrial Revolution. The soot from factories darkened the trees, and the darker moths had a survival advantage because they were more camouflaged against predators like birds. This led to a gradual increase in the population of black moths. 2. What was the problem with this long-accepted explanation? What about it didn’t make sense or add up? (1 pt) - It suggested a slow mutation process over many generations. However, this didn't fully account for how the moths could change color quickly. Genetic sequencing revealed that it wasn't a series of small mutations but rather a large bit of DNA (22,000 letters long) that jumped into the moth genome, causing a rapid shift from white to black moths. 3. What is the more accurate and updated explanation behind the color change that was observed in the peppered moths. (2 pt) - The color change in peppered moths occurred not through slow mutations but through a sudden jump. A large segment of DNA was inserted into the moth genome, likely through a process akin to gene transfer, resulting in an almost immediate change from white to black. This discovery highlights a much faster and more dynamic process of change than previously thought. 4. How can infective heredity or “horizontal gene transfer” relate to antibiotic resistance? Briefly explain how this gene transfer between bacteria can occur. (1 pt) - Infective heredity, or horizontal gene transfer, relates to antibiotic resistance as it allows bacteria to share genes at a fast pace, including those for antibiotic resistance. This means that a bacterium that has developed resistance to an antibiotic can transfer that resistance gene to another bacterium, even of a different species, without the need for slow changes. This process can occur through the immediate transfer of genetic material between bacteria, leading to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance across bacterial populations. 5. What was surprising to you, or changed your thinking? (1 pt) - The most surprising aspect of this podcast was learning how significant horizontal gene transfer and infective heredity are in the evolution of life, challenging the classical Darwinian view of evolution as a slow and linear process. Discovering that a significant
BIO1050 - Todd portion of the human genome comes from viral DNA and that such exchanges have been crucial in the evolution of complex traits, like the development of the placenta in mammals, changes how we view our biology and connection with other forms of life. 6. What is one question you still have about this information? (This is not just asking you if there was anything you didn’t understand. What new questions does this raise in your mind? Is there anything you want to know more about?) (1 pt) - This information raises the question of how widespread and impactful horizontal gene transfer and infective heredity are across all life forms. Specifically, it makes one wonder to what extent our human evolution has been shaped by genes acquired from other organisms. Are there other critical traits or abilities in humans that originated from horizontal gene transfer, and how might this understanding change our approach to medicine and genetics?
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