152-Disc_Gilroy3_Assign-2024sp

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Apr 3, 2024

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Intro Bio 152 – Discussion assignment for week of February 12 th In class, we learned about the three main tissue systems in plants: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system is the outermost layer of the plant that protects the plant and serves as an interface between the plant and the environment, the vascular tissue system moves liquids through the plant, and the ground tissue system is everything else. This homework will focus on the vascular and ground tissues. 1. Circle or highlight the correct answer below. An isolated plant cell can be cultured in a Petri dish and made to divide and produce a completely new plant. This is possible because some plant cells are in a permanently embryo-like state (i.e., can divide into any cell type in the plant), while others are capable of changing the patterns of gene expression in their nucleus from those of their current cell type (such as root cell, or leaf cell) back to this embryo-like state. Cells with an embryonic-like nature can divide to produce any of the structures of the plant and so are capable of dividing to make a complete new plant. All of the following cells would be able to regenerate an entire new plant EXCEPT for a/an: A. apical meristem cell B. parenchyma cell C. collenchyma cell D. sieve tube cell E. axillary meristem cell 2. For question #1, immediately above, why did you choose your answer? You don’t have to write about every option; just explain why you think the answer you chose is the correct one. Be specific in your answer – you can do so in 2-3 sentences. Sieve tube cells are part of phloem tissues which is responsible for moving food and sugars throughout the plant. Because of this, cells lose their nucleus when matured thus, unable to regenerate an entire new plant. 3. There are two main types of vascular tissue. Draw a picture of each tissue type below and complete the accompanying chart beneath. Be sure to label your drawings. For tissues with more than one type of structure, choose one example to draw, and be sure to tell us which you chose. Tissue Type 1: Page 1 of 4

What moves through this tissue type? Water and minerals move through the xylem tracheid. Direction of flow Water and minerals flow upward. Alive or dead at functional maturity? Dead at maturity so cannot preform photosynthesis. Types/components Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma, and fibers. Tissue Type 2: What moves through this tissue type? Food is moved through the phloem. Direction of flow Up or down, wherever through the plant. Alive or dead at functional maturity? It is alive since the phloem is required to carry food through the plant. Types/components Primary and secondary phloem. 4. Provide an example of each type of ground tissue that Dr. Gilroy did NOT use in lecture. You should use a search engine or other outside resource to find your example. Parenchyma: aerenchyma: spongy tissue that forms air channels in the roots and stems Collenchyma: lacunar collenchyma: found in the petioles of plants like Salvia. Page 2 of 4

Sclerenchyma: fibers in the outer layer fruits like coconuts 5. Define the following terms, which are involved in primary and secondary growth. Don’t just copy and paste from your book. Define them in your own words . Bark: The protective outer covering of the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants Central zone: The region within the apical meristems that contains inactive cells Cork cambium: A layer of meristematic tissue in plants that produces cork cells to replace the epidermis during secondary growth Cortex: The layer of tissue between the plant's epidermis and vascular tissue Dermal tissue: The outer protective layer of plants, consisting of the epidermis Epidermis: The outermost layer of cells in plants, providing protection Ground tissue: Tissue in plants that makes up the bulk of the plant body, including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells Mitosis: The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells Phloem: vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars Pith: central core of the stems of most flowering plants, composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells Quiescent center: region found in the tips of roots, within the apical meristem, where cells remain relatively inactive but can become active to replenish cells in the meristem Vascular cambium: cylinder of meristematic tissue in plants that produces new layers of xylem and phloem during secondary growth Vascular tissue: plant tissue responsible for the transport of water and nutrients; it includes xylem and phloem Xylem: vascular tissue in plants responsible for the upward transport of water and nutrients Zone of cell division: region in plant roots and shoots that contains actively dividing cells, contributing to growth in length Zone of differentiation: region where cells that have recently divided mature and differentiate into various types of cells with specific functions Zone of elongation: area in a plant root or shoot where cells elongate, contributing to the organ's growth in length Let’s review some previous material Page 3 of 4

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6. We asked ChatGPT * to: “List 5 features that would allow us to tell if a plant is a fern or an angiosperm.” Below is its answer. It got fewer than 50% correct. For each of the points in its answer (A-E), is ChatGPT right or wrong? Write True or False next to each of these. If a statement is False , you need to write a short explanation of what makes it so. * For those who haven’t heard of ChatGPT, it is an Artificial Intelligence-driven program that can answer your questions from the information it can find on the internet. ChatGPT’s answer: Here are 5 features that can help you distinguish between a fern and an angiosperm: A. Reproduction : Ferns do not produce flowers, whereas angiosperms do. True B. Reproduction : Ferns have visible structures on the underside of the leaf that produce spores, while angiosperms only produce pollen and do not produce spores. False, angiosperms do produce spores and pollen. C. Life cycle : Ferns have a life cycle where the gametophyte represents the major part * , while in angiosperms it is the sporophyte. ( * note that ChatGPT must be using “major” here to mean the phase of the life cycle with the largest and most obvious individual plants. ) False, the sporophyte represents the major part of ferns. D. Seeds : Angiosperms produce seeds, while ferns do not produce seeds. True E. Organs : Only the angiosperms and gymnosperms produce true leaves and roots, while ferns produce leaf- like structures called sporangia and root-like structures called rhizoids. False, ferns also have leaves and roots. 7. What is your muddiest point from lecture – i.e., what is it that we have gone over in lecture that is still confusing or unclear to you? What is it about that topic or concept that you find more difficult than the other lecture material? Be specific. Please note that we want you to answer this question even if you are finding all the lecture material easy to understand. If that describes you, write that below, and then tell us what topic/concept you think that others might find most difficult and why. Cork cambium and its ability to produce cork cells confuses me. Why does it do this? Page 4 of 4

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