Unit 5 Review

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AP Bio Review Unit 5: Heredity Multiple Choice Practice Score: 35/37 1. Humans have a diploid number (“2n”) of 46. Which of the following statements best predicts the consequence if meiosis did not occur during gametogenesis? a. The gametes would get larger from one generation to the next. b. The chromosome number would double with each generation. c. The chromosome number would be halved with each generation. d. The chromosome number would triple with each generation. 2. The figure below shows several steps in the process of bacteriophage transduction in bacteria. Which of the following explains how genetic variation in a population of bacteria results from this process? a. Bacterial proteins transferred from the donor bacterium by the phage to the recipient bacterium recombine with genes on the recipient’s chromosome. b. The recipient bacterium incorporates the transduced genetic material coding for phage proteins into its chromosome and synthesizes the corresponding proteins. c. The phage infection of the recipient bacterium and the introduction of DNA carried by the phage cause increased random point mutations of the bacterial chromosome. d . DNA of the recipient bacterial chromosome undergoes recombination with DNA introduced by the phage from the donor bacterium, leading to a change in the recipient’s genotype. 3. In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed transformation experiments using live, harmless bacteria and extracts from virulent bacteria treated with various enzymes. Which of the following enzymes were used and why? a. Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors b. Lipase (an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of lipids) to rule out lipoproteins as the transforming factor c. Kinase (an enzyme that facilitates transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule) to show that transformation is phosphorylation dependent d. ATPase to show that transformation is not dependent on ATP

Use the following information to answer question 4: The following figures display data collected while studying a family, some members of which have sickle- cell disease—a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB). There are at least two alleles of the HBB gene: the HbA allele encodes wild-type hemoglobin and the HbS allele encodes the sickle-cell form of hemoglobin. Genetic testing provided insight into the inheritance pattern for sickle-cell disease. Figure 1. Pedigree of a family with affected individuals. Squares represent males, circles represent females, shaded symbols represent individuals with sickle-cell disease. 5' CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT 3' Non-template Strand 3' GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC TTC AGA 5' Template Strand Figure 2. A portion of the DNA sequence from the wild-type hemoglobin allele (HbA) that codes for normal hemoglobin. Figure 3. Codon table showing nucleotide sequences for each amino acid.

Figure 4. Image of a gel following electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments of the HBB gene from three individuals in the pedigree in Figure 1. 4. Based on the data shown in Figure 1, which of the following best describes the genotypes of individual family members in the pedigree? a. All affected individuals possess at least one dominant allele of the hemoglobin beta gene. b. Healthy individuals may possess one mutant allele (HbS) of the hemoglobin beta gene. c. Individuals IV and V must be heterozygous for the HbS (mutant) allele. d. Individuals II and VI possess two copies of the HbA (wild-type) allele. Use the following information to answer question 5: In a classic experiment from the 1970s investigating gene expression, a solution containing equal amounts of rabbit a-hemoglobin mRNA and b-hemoglobin mRNA, which encode subunits of a protein found in red blood cells, was injected into newly fertilized frog eggs. The injected mRNA was not degraded during the course of the experiment. Tadpoles that developed from the injected eggs were dissected into two fragments, one containing predominantly the notochord, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue and the other containing predominantly the other tissue types. Equal amounts of total protein were analyzed after separation by electrophoresis to identify the relative amounts of the different proteins present in each sample. The thickness of the bands indicates the relative amounts of rabbit a-hemoglobin, rabbit b-hemoglobin, and frog tubulin (a cytoskeletal protein that is expressed at relatively constant levels in all tissues) present in each tadpole sample. The experimental protocol and results are summarized in the figure below.

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5. The observation that the rabbit mRNA was successfully translated in the frog tissues supports which of the following conclusions? a. Frog cells are able to replace their own hemoglobin with rabbit hemoglobin. b. Undeveloped frog eggs can be induced to form genetically identical copies of a rabbit. c. Rabbit hemoglobin can induce an immune response in frogs. d. Rabbits and frogs share a common genetic code for expressing heritable information. 6. The tiny blue-eyed Mary flower is often one of the first flowers seen in the spring in some regions of the United States. The flower is normally blue, but sometimes a white or pink flower variation is found. The following data were obtained after several crosses. Parents F 1 F 2 Blue x White Blue 196 Blue, 63 White Blue x Pink Blue 149 Blue, 52 Pink Pink x White Blue 226 Blue, 98 White, 77 Pink Which of the following statements best explains the data? a. The appearance of blue in the F1 generation of the pink and white cross demonstrates that flower color is not an inherited trait but is determined by the environment. b. Flower color depends on stages of flower development, and young flowers are white, advancing to pink and then blue. c. Since the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the pink and white cross do not fit the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios, blue-eyed Mary must reproduce by vegetative propagation. d. Flower color is an inherited trait, and the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the flowers arising from the pink and white cross can best be explained by another gene product that influences the phenotypic expression.

7. A student in a biology class crossed a male Drosophila melanogaster having a gray body and long wings with a female D. melanogaster having a black body and apterous wings. The following distribution of traits was observed in the offspring. Phenotype Number of Offspring Gray body, long wings 42 Black body, apterous wings 41 Gray body, apterous wings 9 Black body, long wings 8 Which of the following is supported by the data? a. The alleles for gray body and long wings are dominant. b. The alleles for gray body and long wings are recessive. c. Genes for the two traits are located on two different chromosomes, and independent assortment occurred. d. Genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome and crossing over occurred between the two gene loci. Use the following information for question 8: A student placed 20 tobacco seeds of the same species on moist paper towels in each of two petri dishes. Dish A was wrapped completely in an opaque cover to exclude all light. Dish B was not wrapped. The dishes were placed equidistant from a light source set to a cycle of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. All other conditions were the same for both dishes. The dishes were examined after 7 days and the opaque cover was permanently removed from dish A. Both dishes were returned to the light and examined again at 14 days. The following data were obtained. 8. Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that the difference in leaf color is genetically controlled? a. The number of yellow-leaved seedlings in dish A on day 7 b. The number of germinated seeds in dish A on days 7 and 14 c. The death of all the yellow-leaved seedlings d. The existence of yellow-leaved seedlings as well as green-leaved ones on day 14 in dish B 9. Mitosis results in... a. 2 identical diploid cells c. 2 unique haploid cells b. 4 unique diploid cells d. 4 identical haploid cells

10. Meiosis results in _____________ because there is/are _______________. a. 2 identical haploid cells, 1 round of division b. 4 identical diploid cells, 2 rounds of division c. 4 unique haploid cells, 2 rounds of division d. 2 unique diploid cells, 1 round of division 11. Which of the following does NOT increase variation in gamete formation? a. crossing over c. random assortment of chromosomes b. fertilization of gametes d. condensation of chromatin 12. This process involves homologous chromatids exchanging genetic material to increase genetic diversity. a. crossing over c. independent assortment b. random fertilization d. gene flow 13. Which of the following does NOT support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms? a. DNA/RNA (genetic code) are shared by all living systems b. Ribosomes are found in all forms of life c. Glycolysis takes place in all organisms d. All organisms undergo sexual reproduction 14. Which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern of the shown pedigree? If both parents do not have the trait and the child does, it is recessive. If one parent has the trait and the child does or does not, it is dominant. a. Autosomal Dominant c. Autosomal Recessive b. Sex-Linked Dominant d. Sex-Linked Recessive 15. Which of the following best describes the phenotypic ratio of 6:3:3:2:1:1? a. Incomplete dominance & complete dominance on dihybrid cross b. Incomplete dominance on dihybrid cross c. Complete dominance on dihybrid cross d. Epistasis on dihybrid cross 16. Describe the cause of a cross resulting in greater than 50% parental phenotypes and less then 50% recombinant phenotypes a. Genes are linked on the same chromosome b. Genes are located on different arms of the same chromosome c. Gene are on different chromosomes

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d. Gene are found in different gametes 17. In animals, traits determine by the mitochondrial DNA are inherited from the _______________. a. mother c. father b. brother d. sister 18. Identify the type of inheritance of the pedigree. a. Sex-Linked c. Autosomal b. Mitochondrial d. Random 19. Snowshoe hares are brown in summer and white in winter, describe this event. a. Hares undergo phenotypic plasticity & environment influences gene express b. Hares are white in winter due to the snow binding to hair follicles c. Hares are brown from exposed dirt in summer d. Hares remain hidden in the winter months inhibiting fur darken from sun 20. Describe the process of nondisjunction. a. Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information b. The alignment of the chromosomes on the metaphase plate c. Homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids remain attached during anaphase d. The process of sperm and egg fusing to create a zygote 21. When does the process of independent assortment take place? a. prophase I c. anaphase I b. metaphase d. telophase I 22. When does the process of crossing over take place? a. prophase I c. anaphase I b. metaphase I d. telophase I 23. What phase of meiosis describes the law of segregation? a. telophase I c. telophase II b. anaphase I d. anaphase II

24. Which of the following is the predicted ratio of a testcross with a dihybrid? (testcross- all recessive alleles crossed with the dihybrid) a. 9:3:3:1 b. 9:6:1 c. 1:2:1 d. 1:1:1:1 25. Which of the following is a predicted ratio of a dihybrid cross? a. 9:3:3:1 b. 9:3:4 c. 1:2:1 d. 1:1:1:1 26. Describe why a male is more likely to be affected by a sex-linked trait? a. Males have only 1 Y chromosome b. Females have only 1 Y chromosome c. Males have only 1 X chromosome d. Females have only 1 X chromosomes Free Response Practice (answers in blue and corrections in red) Score: 11/11 1. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a substrate for the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. The rate of pyruvate conversion is greatly reduced in individuals with PDC deficiency, a rare disorder. (a) Identify the cellular location where PDC is most active. It is most active in the mitochondrial matrix. (1) (b) Make a claim about how PDC deficiency affects the amount of NADH produced by glycolysis AND the amount of NADH produced by the Krebs (citric acid) cycle in a cell. Provide reasoning to support your claims based on the position of the PDC-catalyzed reaction in the sequence of the cellular respiration pathway. The PDC-catalyzed reaction happens after the glycolysis and before the Krebs cycle. As a result it has no effect on the amount of NADH produced by glycolysis because glycolysis occurs before the pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is converted to acetyl-CoA. PDC deficiency will, however, have an effect on the Kreb cycle and will reduce the amount of NADH produced. Krebs cycle uses the acetyl-CoA in order to form products, so if there will be a decrease in the acetyl-CoA then there will be a decrease in the amount of NADH produced. (2/2) (c) PDC deficiency is caused by mutations in the PDHA1 gene, which is located on the X chromosome. A male with PDC deficiency and a homozygous female with no family history of PDC deficiency have a male offspring. Calculate the probability that the male offspring will have PDC deficiency. The male offspring will not have PDC deficiency. The probability of inheritance is 0. (1)

2. In a certain species of plant, the diploid number of chromosomes is 4 (2n = 4). Flower color is controlled by a single gene in which the green allele (G) is dominant to the purple allele (g). Plant height is controlled by a different gene in which the dwarf allele (D) is dominant to the tall allele (d). Individuals of the parental (P) generation with the genotypes GGDD and ggdd were crossed to produce F 1 progeny. (3/3) (a) Construct a diagram below to depict the four possible normal products of meiosis that would be produced by the F 1 progeny. Show the chromosomes and the allele(s) they carry. Assume the genes are located on different chromosomes and the gene for flow color is on chromosome 1. (b) Predict the possible phenotypes and their ratios in the offspring of a testcross between an F 1 individual and a ggdd individual. 1 green dwarf: 1 green tall: 1 purple dwarf: 1 purple tall (c) If the two genes were genetically linked, describe how the proportions of phenotypes of the resulting offspring would most likely differ from those of the testcross between an F 1 individual and a ggdd individual. If the two genes were genetically linked then a majority of the resulting offspring would have the phenotypes of the parental plant. Because if the two genes are genetically linked that means that they are on loci that are located close to each other, which means that they are likely to be inherited together rather than separately. As a result a lot of the parental phenotypes will be inherited by the children. 3. Both mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division that produce daughter cells containing genetic information from the parent cell. (a) Describe TWO events that are common to both mitosis and meiosis that ensure the resulting daughter cells inherit the appropriate number of chromosomes. (2/2) Two events that are common to mitosis and meiosis is the lining of the chromosomes in the middle of the cell to ensure that the chromosomes separate properly and the separation of the

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chromatids ensures that the daughter cells will receive the appropriate number of chromosomes. (b) The genetic composition of daughter cells produced by mitosis differs from that of the daughter cells produced by meiosis. Describe TWO features of the cell division processes that lead to these differences. ( 2/2) There are different numbers of divisions in mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis undergoes one round of cell division and produces 2 identical diploid daughter cells and meiosis undergoes 2 rounds of cell division and produces 4 unique haploid daughter cells. Crossing over occurs in meiosis which leads to genetic variation, but it doesn't occur in mitosis.

Unit 5 Review

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