Island Biogeography worksheet

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Arizona State University, Tempe *

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182

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Name: Emily Phan Date: 10-07-23 Class: BIO 182 *Note: this worksheet will be graded for 10 points as a ‘good faith effort’ grade. Please write your thoughts in full sentences and properly label your phylogenies. This is intended as a kind of problem-solving or logic puzzle to delve into a real-world question in phylogenetic science and the mysteries of speciation. There is a multiple choice quiz you can complete after finishing this worksheet. Part 1 and Part II, - Phylogeny #1 (you should draw your proposed phylogeny here from part I and part II, ‘Phylogeny based on geographic distance’ and based upon geological history – the age of the Canary Islands) Phylogeny #2 (you should draw your ‘Part III, Phylogeny Based on Morphology)– using the ages of the Canary Islands)

Phylogeny #3 You should draw your final hypothetical phylogeny here. This is based on ‘Part IV: Phylogeny based on molecular genetics.’ 1. In Table 2, large numbers imply that pairs of populations are less related. Why is this? The number implies the distance between the populations in terms of distance and time of isolation.

2. Among the six populations, there are three species. How many base pair differences is the minimum to separate any two species of these lizards? (Remember, don’t confuse populations with species.) Give an example to support your answer. Any two of these lizards can be separated by 19 base pair differences. For instance, G. galloti on S. Tenerife is different from G. atlantica by only 19 base pairs. 3. Which two populations are most closely related? Justify your answer. The G. galloti populations on Gomera and Hierro are the most closely related because they only have 4 base pair different from one another. According to Table 2, the cytochrome b DNA sequence differences for G. galloti Gomera and G. galloti Hierror are only 4, the lowest number on the chart. 4. Why should you expect the populations S. Tenerife (ST) and N. Tenerife (NT) to have fewer differences than other pairings? The S. Tenerife and N. Tenerife are just different populations on the same island, so I would expect some gene flow to occur, thus reducing differences between them. 5. Which population is least related to the rest? Why do you say so? G. stehlini is the population least related to the rest. The evidence is that G. stehlini had more genetic differences from all others, from 36 to 49. Refer to your last phylogeny chart using genetic similarities and differences found in Table 2. Compare it to the phylogeny chart you drew based on the geographic distances and geologic age of the islands. 6. What difference is there between the two phylogenies?

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In the phylogeny chart that was based on the geographic distances and age of the island, G. galloti Gomera and G. galloti Hierro was distancely related to G. galloti Tenerife while in the genetics they are directly related. 7. Which species, G. stehlini or G. atlantica is the ancestor of the other? Explain you reasoning. G. stehlini is the ancestor of the other because it is the closest to the mainland and differs the most from all the other species. 8. Predict what is likely to happen to the gene pools of the four populations of G. galloti on the four westernmost islands. State what conditions will support this prediction. The number of species might decrease because the distance of the source pool is increasing since the number of species is directly proportional to the island’s size.

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