DSW 6. Cell Structure and Function - Fall 2023

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Dec 6, 2023

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BIO 311C Introductory Biology I K. Sathasivan Discussion Section Worksheet - 6. Cell Structure and Function A. Draw an animal cell, label the parts of the cell starting from transcription, RNA processing, translation, modification and trafficking to be secreted out via cell membrane. Specify the function of each part in these processes. (DO NOT COPY PASTE FROM WEB) B. ATP synthesis occurs both as a part of photosynthesis in the chloroplast and as a part of respiration in the mitochondria. ATP synthesis requires a proton gradient across membrane. Draw and label the parts of a simplified chloroplast and of a mitochondrion. Indicate in each structure where the highest proton concentration occurs and where ATP is made. C. In each scenario below, indicate the pathway each of the following molecules would have to traverse to enter the specified cell. Include the names of all cell structures the molecule encounters. 1. Na + entering a bacterial cell from the surroundings. Capsule → NAM-NAG cell wall → ion channel on plasma membrane → cytoplasm 2. Fertilizer (e.g. PO 4 -2 , N + H 4 ) entering a plant cell in the roots. Epidermis → middle lamella → primary cell wall → secondary cell wall → ion channel on plasma membrane → cytoplasm 3. Glucose entering the blood stream from the small intestine. Transmembrane protein on plasma membrane facing the intestine → cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cell -> transmembrane protein on plasma membrane facing blood vessel -> blood plasma

D. List the three cytoskeleton elements and think about real life examples of how they help in the structure, reproduction and movement of a cell or multicellular organism.  Microtubules (made of tubulin) o Cell motility, Cell shape, chromosome, movement of organelles  Microfilaments (made of actin) o Cleavage furrow, motility, muscle contraction, cell shape, motility, cytoplasmic stream  Intermediate Filaments (made of keratin-like proteins) o Anchoring nucleus, formation of nuclear lamina, tensile strength, structural support E. Some cells use their cilia to sweep particles in and create a food vacuole/vesicle via endocytosis. Colchicine is an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization. Draw two conclusions from the following graph. What is the relationship between vesicle number and phagocytosis and the effect of colchicine on vesicle number? The number of vesicles with colchicine is lower then without colchicine. Vesicle, vesicle number and formation is being interfered with. Figure: Effect of colchicine on vesicle number. Values are mean vesicle number per cell for each time point.

F. Biogenesis of peroxisome and other endomembrane system. Given below is a Figure from a review article about the biogenesis of peroxisomes in yeast, animal and plant cells. Study the Figure and answer the following questions. You don’t need to understand everything in this Figure to get full points. Try to apply this knowledge for other endomembrane structures. Figure. Generalized models for the flow of membrane-enclosed carriers through the peroxisomal endomembrane system in yeast, mammals, and plants. ER, endoplasmic reticulum. PPT, preperoxisomal template; PPV, preperoxisomal vesicle; SV, secretory vesicle; TBSV p33, TSBV 33-kD replicase protein.

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Cited from Titorenko VI, Mullen RT. Peroxisome biogenesis: the peroxisomal endomembrane system and the role of the ER. J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 3;174(1):11-7. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200604036. Epub 2006 Jun 26. PMID: 16801391; PMCID: PMC2064154. 1. According to the figure, where do the peroxisome origin in the cells of yeast, mammals and plants Endoplasmic Reticulum 2. What is the function of peroxisome? What problems you can expect if they don’t work in a human organ system? Peroxisome are responsible for the breakdown of lipids, and the detoxification of active oxygen species. If they do not work in humans then are lipid metabolism rate would decrease making our body less metabolic. 3. Considering peroxisome as an example, and briefly write about why eukaryotic cells develop the endomembrane systems (compared with bacterial cells)? They develop the endomembrane system to enlarge surface areas, and have different functions in different parts of eukaryotic cells. 4. Based on this information, predict the way lysosomes and vacuoles are formed in the cells. Lysosomes and vacuoles come from the endoplasmic reticulum

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