Problem Set 3

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Oct 30, 2023

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Problem Set 3 1A In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the term 1 is representing the entire generation of offspring without natural selection meaning the sum of all allele frequencies. The term p 2 is representing the frequency of that homozygous genotype. The term q2 is also representing the frequency of the other homozygous genotype. The term 2pq is representing two pq heterozygous genotype frequencies. 1B After one generation of selection, there was an increase of frequency in the p or S allele. This answer does make sense because p’ and q’ added up to 1. 1C If selection were to operate in the same way for many generations, the eventual frequency of the recessive s allele would continue to decrease because natural selection is favoring the dominant S allele. 1D The frequency of S allele will decrease to .74879227 and the frequency of the s allele will be .25120773.
1E Yes my answer would change because selection would no longer favor the S allele. 1F Sickle cell anemia is more common in Ghana because Ghana is more prone to malaria. Sickle cell anemia favors homogeneous s allele while malaria favors homogeneous S alleles which means sickle cell will be more common in Ghana. 2A Gradualism is the idea that natural selection will favor small changes over big changes because the smaller changes will be more beneficial. The key idea that R.A. Fisher’s microscope analogy is supposed to convey that smaller changes have a more likely chance of being beneficial compared to larger changes that would not contribute any benefits. 2B The evolution of the eye is a great piece of logical defense. Eyes are very complex organs because they are composed of many elements that work together. Eyes did not
evolve with big mutations but they gradually evolved with smaller and more beneficial mutations. 2C Complex adaptations evolve through gradual, smaller mutations because one single, large mutation could not easily create a beneficial change. Small mutations help target all the elements of complex adaptations in a way that one mutation cannot. 2D Mollusk eye evolution was gradual as the complexity of the shape and characteristics have justified the cost or that the benefit justified the cost. Mollusk eyes are being maintained by selection. 2E We can tell species apart based on reproductivity. 2F As new species are being produced small, gradual mutations can occur that accumulate to benefit the species.
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