HLSS154FinalOutline

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FINAL ASSIGNMENT OUTLINE HLSS154 INTRODUCTION  Thesis: Terrorism has evolved far greater since the 1960s than we could have ever imagined. Researchers have spent these last 64 years gathering as much knowledge as they can about radicalization amongst terrorists – individual and group alike. We now have dozens, if not hundreds, of behavioral and psychological reasons why someone would choose the radical/terrorist path and even have different models of radicalization processes to use at our fingertips. Over the years, psychology experts and research scientists came up with five models that better map the radicalization process – Borum’s Pathway, Wiktorowicz’s Theory of Joining Extremist Groups, Moghaddam’s Staircase to Terrorism, NYPD Radicalization Process, and Sageman’s Four Prongs Model – as well as the scientific factors that play into the disengagement of terrorism. By comparing two of these models, Borum’s Pathway and Wiktorowicz’s Theory of Joining Extremist Groups, we’ll get a good look into their similarities as well as what sets them apart. We’ll also discuss the de-radicalization factors and what that looks like for someone, along with effective programs and efforts in countering radicalization. RADICALIZATION MODELS WIKTOROWICZ’S THEORY OF JOINING EXTREMIST GROUPS (WTJEG)  This theory states that when a person is going through some sort of crisis, searching for meaning, their minds can become susceptible to influence from terrorist groups. Over time this leads the person to believe their ideals and thoughts coincide with that of the group, and they begin to merge their beliefs and accept the group’s identity as their own. At that point, they’ve become fully acclimated into the group thus leading them to believe extreme violent actions are just and necessary for their end goals.  The most susceptible and vulnerable to be recruited are people in search of finding who they are and where they fit in this world. The need to be part of a group that has shared like experiences with them or has similar beliefs sends them directly into the arms of terrorist groups looking to recruit. The want to fit in allows their minds to easily be persuaded to make the move to radical ideals and ideologies, it allows them to be manipulated into believing that extreme actions are necessary for change. Another factor we see often is someone who is going through a major life change and hasn’t been taught the proper way to cope or transition from one phase of life to another. Depression, anxiety over the future, anger, and so many other emotions can set someone down the wrong path, if not properly dealt with the right way. Many of us face the same life changes, yet we don’t turn to violent extremism. The difference is that we weren’t approached by a radical group when we were at our weakest moment. Recruiters prey on the weak-minded, and someone who isn’t sure what’s next in life is the perfect target to them. Often someone will have their own beliefs about something but are so desperate to crawl out of their loneliness that they’ll cling on to anyone, or anything , they think understands them. It’s then that recruiters use manipulation to mix together their beliefs with that person’s and are able to lead them to extremist ways.  REFs: (SEE REFS 3 & 5)

BORUM’S PATHWAY  RE-WORD/RE-WRITE IN OWN WORDS. This model consists of four stages, beginning with ‘‘it’s not right,’’ where the individual determines his or her condition is undesirable. A determination is then made that ‘‘it’s not fair’’ where a comparison is made between their situation and the more desirable conditions of others. In their mind, it is concluded that this inequality is unjust. Third, it is recognized that their current situation is the fault of others (“it’s your fault”), where blame is directed towards someone or something for causing the hardships they are currently enduring as an individual or member of a group. In the fourth stage, once others have been targeted as being responsible for the situation they deem as illegitimate, they are criticized and dehumanized.  DESCRIBE MODEL MORE IN-DEPTH HERE  REFS: (SEE REFS 1, 2, & 4) DISENGAGEMENT AND DE-RADICALIZATION  REF: https://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/315/203 RADICALIZATION COUNTER EFFORTS AND PREVENTION  REF: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/14616742.2020.1827967? needAccess=true  REF: https://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/article/view/150/119 CONCLUSION  REFERENCES: (Review all citations for APA accuracy) 1. Borum, Randy “Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research,” Journal of Strategic Security 4, no. 4 (Winter 2011): 37–61; Horgan, “From Profiles to Pathways and Roots to Routes” (see note 4). 2. Borum, Randy. 2011. “Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories.” Journal of Strategic Security 4 (4): 7–36. Crossref . http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.1 3. Hogg, M. A., Kruglanski, A., & van den Bos, K. (2013). Uncertainty and the Roots of Extremism. Journal of Social Issues , 69 (3), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12021 4. Jensen, M. A., Atwell Seate, A., & James, P. A. (2020). Radicalization to Violence: A Pathway Approach to Studying Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence , 32 (5), 1067–1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1442330 5. King, M. & Taylor, D. (2011). The radicalization of homegrown jihadists: A review of theoretical models and social psychological evidence. Terrorism & Political Violence 23 (4), 602-622.

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