ECOL 100 M04 Study Guide

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Orange Coast College *

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1. Consider the case study of hantavirus. How does this example illustrate the importance of understanding ecosystems an our interactions with the environment? a. 2. Define biogeography. Describe how abiotic factors determine biogeography. Be specific. a. Biogeography is the study of geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution. Abiotic factors can change the composition of plant and animal communities such as temperature and moisture. 3. Define biome. What are some examples of a biome? a. 4. Define endemic species. Provide some examples of endemic species. To what region are they endemic? a. An endemic species is one that is naturally found only in a specific geographic area that is usually restricted in size. For example, raccoons are endemic to north and central america. 5. How do abiotic factors influence photosynthesis on land differently than in aquatic systems? a. In aquatic systems, many organisms have symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae that depend on light to survive and their environment depends on that. Plants can’t move as easily when it comes to needing light. 6. Define ocean upwelling a. Ocean upwelling is the rising of deep ocean waters that occurs when prevailing winds blow along surface waters near a coastline. 7. define thermocline a. A thermocline is a layer of water with a temperature that is significantly different from that of the surrounding layers. 8. Is there a thermocline in both freshwater and marine systems? a. Yes there is a thermocline in both. 9. Describe fall versus spring turnover in freshwater systems. How is this similar to upwelling? a. These are seasonal processes that recycle nutrients and oxygen from the bottom of a freshwater ecosystem to the top of a body of water/ They are similar because they both include a change in current. 10.net primary productivity (NPP) a. NPP is an estimation of all of the organic matter available as food. 11.aboveground biomass a. Aboveground biomass is the total mass of living plants per unit area, excluding roots. 12.Name the three broad categories of ecosystems based on their general environment. Enter briefly describe each include examples of organisms that live there and location

a. The three categories of ecosystems are freshwater, ocean water, and terrestrial. Ocean ecosystems include plankton, krill, and fish. Freshwater includes fish and terrestrial includes land mammals and reptiles. 13.How are the terms equilibrium, resistance, and resilience related when describing ecosystem function? a. They are related because ecosystems need resistance and resilience to reach a state of equilibrium. 14.List and describe the trophic levels within a typical food chain. a. Primary producers are photosynthetic organisms at the bottom of the food chain, herbivores are the primary consumers that come second, while secondary consumers (carnivores) come third. Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores and the top of the food chain is the apex consumers. 15.How is a food web different from a food chain? Describe a grazing food web and a detritivore food web. a. Food chains are more flexible to analytical modeling and are much easier to follow. Food webs are more accurate to ecosystem structure and dynamics. A grazing food web has plants followed by herbivores and carnivores. A detrital food web has a base of decomposers. 16.Describe autotroph. Differentiate between photoautotrophs and chemosynthetic organisms. Provide examples of each a. Autotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food. Photoautotrophs use sunlight for energy whereas chemoautotrophs use inorganic molecules. 17.Define assimilation. What happens to energy as it becomes incorporated at each trophic level? a. Assimilation is the biomass of the present trophic level after accounting for the energy lost due to incomplete ingestion of food, energy for respiration, and energy lost as waste. 18.How is the inefficiency of energy used by warm blooded animals related to the meat industry? a. It is widely accepted that the meat industry uses large amounts of crops to feed livestock because the NPE is lower. 19.Describe an ecological pyramid. What is it used for? a. An ecological pyramid shows the relative amounts of various parameters across trophic levels. It is used to visualize ecosystems 20.Define biomagnification. Describe the classic study of DDT. a. Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of persistent toxic substances in organisms at each trophic level. DDT was a common pesticide used before we knew how dangerous it was. 21.What are PCB's? What are their implications for natural communities? a. Polychlorinated biphenyls. They are studied in fish species at different trophic levels to measure toxic substances. 22.Describe biomagnification currently occurring in seafood. a. Waters become easily polluted, causing fish to be harmful to eat. 23.What is the relationship between biogeochemical cycles and living systems?

a. Biogeochemical cycles are the reason we are alive and continue to survive. Oxygen is part of these cycles. 24.How are the eight major terrestrial biomes on earth characterized? a. They are distinguished by temperature ranges and amount of precipitation 25.As you look at their location on the map provided in your reading, what do you notice about the biomes as you move from the equator towards the poles? Hint: you may want to look at precipitation and temperature values for each biome. a. It becomes colder as you move from the equator towards the poles.

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