BIOL 2230 S2 U4 Practice Test w_ Answers

Practice Test 4 S 2s 1. Compare and contrast the enterogastric and enterogastrone reflexes and how they affect gastric secretion. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. Johnny wants to start a ketogenic diet, so he starts eating a few tablespoons of coconut oil as soon as he wakes up. What effect would coconut oil eventually have on the release of CCK? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3. A DNA mutation causes the brush border cells of the small intestine to not be able to produce enterokinase (Enteropeptidase). What effect does this have on the pancreatic enzymes? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4. What of the following are absorbable in the small intestine? a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Oligosaccharides d. Polysaccharides e. Trisaccharides

5. List the monosaccharides. List the disaccharides. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6. Explain the absorptive process in the small intestine using the following terms: active transport, simple diffusion, fat/non-fat soluble molecules, villus. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 7. When a phosphate group binds to a glucose molecule, the glucose molecule is called: a. G-5-P b. Glucose-5-Phosphate c. Phosphoglucose d. Glucose-6-Phosphate e. Glycophosphate 8. Which of the following are not formed during anabolic reactions? a. Polypeptides b. Proteins c. Glycogen d. Lipids e. Fatty acids 9. What is the difference between gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? In what organ do these processes take place? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 10. Which of the following endocrine organs release epinephrine? a. Thyroid

c. Lack of saliva in the stomach d. Low pH of the stomach e. Bicarbonate in the stomach 17. Which of the following contains both the blood vessels and nerves of the teeth? a. Dentine b. Cementum c. Crown d. Enamel e. Pulp 18. Trypsin breaking down proteins is an example of what function of the digestive system? a. Mechanical digestion b. Propulsion c. Ingestion d. Absorption e. Chemical digestion 19. Lymphatics vessels are found in what layer of tissue? a. Mucosa b. Submucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia 20. When food arrives to the stomach, the _________ phase of gastric secretion begins. Choose whether the following stimuli would increase or decrease gastric secretion. a. Stretch of the stomach (increase/decrease) b. Low pH food (increase/decrease) c. Food composition high in protein (increase/decrease) 21. Match the name of the salivary gland with the location in the mouth. Salivary Gland Location Sublingual In the back of the oral cavity Parotid Underneath the floor of the mouth Submandibular Under the tongue 22. List the regions of the tooth from superficial to deep. ____________________________________________________________________________

23. Though the enteric nervous system can work by itself, its actions can be modified with autonomic impulses from the brain. What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, and how do impulses from each affect digestion? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 24. In order to prevent HCl from destroying deeper tissues, the gastric epithelium are held together by: a. Anchoring junctions b. Desmosomes c. Gap junctions d. Tight junctions e. Connexons 25. Knowing that the chyme moving through the pyloric sphincter is coming from the stomach, would you expect the duodenum to produce an acidic or basic mucus? ___________________________________________________ 26. Chief cells of the gastric gland produce a zymogen called pepsinogen. What is this zymogen converted to, and what is responsible for the conversion? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 27. A polypeptide containing four amino acids is split into two products, each containing the same number of amino acids. What enzyme would you expect to work on each of the products? a. Carboxypeptidase b. Aminopeptidase c. Chymotrypsin d. Dipeptidase e. Lipase

33. What type of lipoprotein leaves the liver to deliver cholesterol throughout the body? (LDL/HDL) 34. Glucose enters a cell through facilitated diffusion. Is facilitated diffusion an active/passive transport process? 35. Match the following terms with the descriptions listed below. Some may be used one, more than once, or not at all. a. Salivary amylase b. Pancreatic amylase c. Pepsin d. Rennin e. Trypsin Digests proteins in the stomach Breaks down starches in the mouth Breaks down casein and whey proteins Is denatured due to the acidic conditions of the stomach Answers on the next page ____________________________________________________________

1. Compare and contrast the enterogastric and enterogastrone reflexes and how they affect gastric secretion. The enterogastric and enterogastric reflexes are both parts of the inhibitory components of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion. As the duodenum begins to stretch, the enterogastric reflexes causes sympathetic stimulation of the stomach, inhibiting secretion. The enterogastrones are a class of inhibitory hormones that travel through the bloodstream to inhibit gastric secretion 2. Johnny wants to start a ketogenic diet, so he starts eating a few tablespoons of coconut oil as soon as he wakes up. What effect would coconut oil eventually have on the release of CCK? Coconut oil is high in fats. This fatty chyme would stimulate the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from the duodenum. CCK will promote bile secretion from the gallbladder, stimulate the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes (like lipase), and relax the hepatopancreatic ampulla. 3. A DNA mutation causes the brush border cells of the small intestine to not be able to produce enterokinase (Enteropeptidase). What effect does this have on the pancreatic enzymes? Enterokinase is crucial to the activation of the pancreatic enzyme, trypsinogen into the active form trypsin. Trypsin activates other inactive enzymes from the pancreas including procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin. Without enteropeptidase, these other enzymes would remain inactive in the duodenum 4. What of the following are absorbable in the small intestine? a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Oligosaccharides d. Polysaccharides e. Trisaccharides

9. What is the difference between gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? In what organ do these processes take place? Both of these processes take place in the liver. Gluconeogenesis is the conversion of non-carbohydrates into carbohydrates or carbohydrate-like products. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. 10. Which of the following endocrine organs release epinephrine? a. Thyroid b. Adrenal cortex c. Adrenal medulla d. Gonads e. Posterior pituitary 11. Epinephrine stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes. Which two molecules will come from these reactions? a. Monosaccharides b. Amino acids c. Free fatty acids d. Nucleosides e. Glycerol 12. Intestinal bacteria synthesize two types of vitamins. Which vitamins do these make? Are these vitamins fat or water soluble? B and K. B is water-soluble. K is fat soluble. DEKA are the fat soluble vitamins 13. Gastrin (hormone) can cause relaxation of the ileocecal valve. Which of the following cells make gastrin? a. Enterochromaffin-like cells b. Enteroendocrine cells (also called G cells) c. Parietal cells d. Goblet cells e. Mucous neck cells 14. Gastrin can affect ECL cells to make histamine. What role does histamine play in the digestive system? a. Histamine causes chief cells to produce intrinsic factor b. Histamine causes goblet cells to secrete mucus c. Histamine causes relaxation of the hepatopancreatic ampulla d. Histamine causes parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid

e. Histamine causes goblet cells to produce bicarbonate 15. What kind of receptors are activated that initiate the pharyngeal-esophageal phase of deglutition? a. Tactile receptor b. Olfactory receptor c. Nociceptor d. Chemoreceptor e. Equilibrium receptor 16. Which of the following causes denaturation of salivary amylase in the stomach? a. High pH of the stomach b. Lack of lysosomes in the stomach c. Lack of saliva in the stomach d. Low pH of the stomach (this pH causes denaturation of salivary amylase) e. Bicarbonate in the stomach 17. Which of the following contains both the blood vessels and nerves of the teeth? a. Dentine b. Cementum c. Crown d. Enamel e. Pulp 18. Trypsin breaking down proteins is an example of what function of the digestive system? a. Mechanical digestion b. Propulsion c. Ingestion d. Absorption e. Chemical digestion 19. Lymphatics vessels are found in what layer of tissue? a. Mucosa b. Submucosa c. Muscularis externa d. Serosa e. Adventitia 20. When food arrives to the stomach, the gastric phase of gastric secretion begins. Choose whether the following stimuli would increase or decrease gastric secretion. a. Stretch of the stomach ( increase /decrease) b. Low pH food (increase/ decrease ) producing more HCl in addition to the acidic content of the food we ate could throw us out of our homeostatic pH range

26. Chief cells of the gastric gland produce a zymogen called pepsinogen. What is this zymogen converted to, and what is responsible for the conversion? Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin. Hydrochloric acid is responsible for this conversion. 27. A polypeptide containing four amino acids is split into two products, each containing the same number of amino acids. What enzyme would you expect to work on each of the products? a. Carboxypeptidase b. Aminopeptidase c. Chymotrypsin d. Dipeptidase e. Lipase If each of the products contain the same number of amino acids, each of the products will have 2 amino acids. 4/2 = 2. Dipeptidase works on dipeptides (a protein with 2 amino acids) 28. After a big meal, the bloodstream is flooded with insulin. What effect does insulin have on glucose and amino acids traveling in the bloodstream? Insulin helps facilitate the movement of amino acids and glucose from the bloodstream into cells. 29. Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose into: a. acetyl-coA b. Lactic acid c. Pyruvate d. NADH e. FADH2 30. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coA in the mitochondria. From there, what process does acetyl-coA enter in the mitochondria? Acetyl-coA enters the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle. NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers) will be produced and will move to the electron transport chain to play a role in oxidative phosphorylation

31. Blood glucose levels are a major indicator of whether the body will be in an absorptive or post absorptive state. If you are doing a 3 day water fast, would you expect the body to be in an absorptive or post absorptive state? Would you think the body is undergoing anabolic or catabolic states? The body would enter a postabsorptive state without new nutrients entering the body. The body will enter a catabolic state to maintain required energy needs 32. Pyrogens affect what brain structure in order to change the “thermostat” of the body? a. Epithalamus b. Thalamus c. Hypothalamus d. Basal nuclei e. Putamen 33. What type of lipoprotein leaves the liver to deliver cholesterol throughout the body? (LDL /HDL) 34. Glucose enters a cell through facilitated diffusion. Is facilitated diffusion an active/ passive transport process? 35. Match the following terms with the descriptions listed below. Some may be used one, more than once, or not at all. a. Salivary amylase b. Pancreatic amylase c. Pepsin d. Rennin e. Trypsin Digests proteins in the stomach pepsin Breaks down starches in the mouth salivary amylase Breaks down casein and whey proteins rennin Is denatured due to the acidic conditions of the stomach salivary amylase