Biochemistry (141)

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Chapter 1 Biochemistry and the Unity of Life 1 4 E) stimulate GLUT2 synthesis 195 What is significant about the fact that glucokinase is found in liver and β cells of the pancreas and that hexokinase is found in most cells? A) At low glucose levels, very little is taken up by the liver, so glucose is pared for other tissues. B) Hexokinase is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate, allowing accumulation in muscle for storage as glycogen. C) Glucokinase phosphorylates glucose when blood glucose levels are low. D) Hexokinase has a high K M , so it does not become saturated until blood glucose levels are extremely high. E) The role of hexokinase is to provide glucose 6-phosphate for the synthesis of fatty acids. 196 How and why are pyruvate kinase isozymes regulated differently? A) In muscle, phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase diminishes its activity in response to low blood-glucose levels. B) In muscle, dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase is activated in response to high levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. C) In the liver, phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase diminishes its activity in response to low blood-glucose levels. D) In the liver, dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase is activated in response to high levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. E) In the liver, activation of the GLUT2 receptors increases ATP synthesis leading to a decrease in pyruvate kinase activity. 197 Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, but O 2 is not found in any of the reactions of glycolysis or fermentation. So, what drives these reactions at the level of glycolysis and fermentation? A) NADH synthesized in glycolysis is used to oxidize pyruvate to acetyl CoA during fermentation reactions. B) ATP is synthesized in glycolysis, only if NAD + is regenerated during fermentation. C) Pyruvate donates electrons to NADH in lactic acid fermentation. D) In the formation of ethanol, pyruvate is decarboxylated in a reversible reaction, once oxygen is present again. E) In the formation of ethanol, acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH, regenerating NAD + . Short-Answer Questions 198 Why is it important that the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways are reciprocally regulated?
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