Innovations in Biology and Technology.edited

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1 Innovations in Biology and Technology <Author Name> <Institutional Affiliation> <Course Number and Name> <Instructor Name> <Assignment Due Date> Innovations in Biology and Technology Introduction/Current State of Issue/Problem/Topic  Vaccine hesitancy is a rising concern for healthcare providers and governments as it increases the occurrence of preventable illnesses among infants.  In a study, 77% of parents had questions concerning childhood vaccinations ( McKee & Bohannon, 2016 ).  Parental refusal of vaccines occurs due to individual beliefs, safety concerns, religious factors, and the need for more vaccine information ( McKee & Bohannon, 2016 ).  With more women worried about childhood vaccinations, especially their safety, there is a need for more parental education to increase vaccine acceptance. The Need for A Solution or Course of Action for Vaccine Hesitancy How the Immune System Works  Topic/claim: The immune system identifies and destroys antigens attacking the body.  The system triggers B lymphocytes to produce antibodies or immunoglobins.  The proteins lock into particular antigens or foreign substances. How Vaccines Work  Vaccines often train the human body to prevent illnesses before they begin.  They introduce an antigen into the individual’s body that imitates the disease and prompts the immune system to react (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023).  The antigen stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies.  The antigen contains killed or weakened viruses or bacteria, elements of their exterior surface, and a treated bacterial toxin that makes it non-toxic. Traditional Methods Used to Create Vaccines Versus Biotechnology Techniques  The traditional vaccine creation methods significantly vary from biotechnological approaches.  The conventional methods take months to manufacture and distribute the vaccine, while mRNA vaccines , especially for COVID-19, take around a week.  While traditional methods are characterized by increased risks due to the growth of large virus quantities, biotechnology techniques are safer (Pizer Staff, 2020).  The process of producing COVID-19 mRNA vaccines can be standardized, while the traditional approaches deploy the bespoke generation process, encompassing complicated testing and purification (Pizer Staff, 2020).  mRNA vaccines contain genetic material that stimulates the body to generate antibodies that result in the immune response.

2  For instance, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines stimulate the body to produce spiky proteins that force the body to react like the SARS-CoV-2 disease is present (Kean, 2023).  The immune system releases antibodies to fight the intruding virus before it can result in severe infection.  Biotechnology techniques are preferred for their safety and effectiveness. Impact of Vaccines  Vaccination has reduced the occurrence of childhood illnesses, saved lives, and protected children's health.  U.S. children are vaccinated against various illnesses like polio, measles, tetanus, hepatitis A, flu, and chickenpox.  Vaccines keep children healthy and lower the mortality rate.  The mortality rate of kids below five years dropped by around a quarter, with the measles vaccine preventing 25.5 million deaths (World Health Organization, 2021).  Disease cases have fallen by over 99% since 1988 (World Health Organization, 2021).  Parents should embrace vaccines to help protect their children from life-threatening and vaccine-preventable illnesses. Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy  Some people are worried about vaccines due to different factors.  Religious beliefs are an obstacle to vaccination among many families, fearing that vaccines might hamper religious tenets.  Individual and philosophical beliefs also contribute to vaccine hesitancy.  The majorityMost parents cite vaccine safety concerns as the primary reason for vaccine hesitancy ( Hviid et al., 2019).  Specifically, some people believe that the MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine can cause autism .  Research by Hviid et al. (2019) demonstrates an adjusted autism risk of 0.93 for MMR- vaccinated children.  MMR-vaccinated children showed no increased hazard for autism.  It demonstrates that the fear of vaccination is misguided. Possible Solution  Proper and additional education is required to enlighten parents about the benefits of vaccination.  Many parents need more vaccine information to make informed decisions ( McKee & Bohannon, 2016 ).  Healthcare providers and pharmacists can take the lead in providing vaccine-based education.  Government programs are also encouraged to create an elaborate awareness. Conclusion  My friend should ensure that his child receives all the recommended vaccines.  It would prevent the child from many vaccine-preventable illnesses.  Vaccines, especially those produced through biotechnological approaches, are safer.  Vaccine acceptance should improve in the future. Sources  McKee, C., & Bohannon, K. (2016). Exploring the reasons behind parental refusal of vaccines.

3 This peer-reviewed article would be suitable for examining the reasons for vaccine hesitancy.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Explaining how vaccines work . This article is published on the CDC website and is essential in discussing how vaccines work.  Pizer Staff. (2020). What makes an RNA vaccine different from a conventional vaccine? Pfizer. This article is published on Pfizer's website and significantly contrasts conventional and biotechnological vaccine preparation approaches.  Kean, M. (2023). mRNA vaccine vs. traditional vaccines . Medical News Today. This source contains credible information about the traditional and mRNA vaccines.  Hviid et al. (2019). Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination, and autism: A nationwide cohort study. Published in the Annals of Internal Medicine Journal, this article is helpful in examining the connection between MMR vaccine and autism.  World Health Organization. (2021). Counting the impact of vaccines for a safer, healthier world . This article contains credible information concerning the impact of vaccines. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Explaining how vaccines work . https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/understanding-vacc-work.html Hviid, A., Hansen, J. V., Frisch, M., & Melbye, M. (2019). Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination, and autism: A nationwide cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine , 170 (8), 513-520. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-2101 Kean, M. (2023). mRNA vaccine vs. traditional vaccines . Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mrna-vaccine-vs-traditional-vaccine McKee, C., & Bohannon, K. (2016). Exploring the reasons behind parental refusal of vaccines. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 21 (2), 104- 109. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.2.104 Pizer Staff. (2020). What makes an RNA vaccine different from a conventional vaccine? Pfizer. https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/what_makes_an_rna_vaccine_different_from_a_co nventional_vaccine World Health Organization. (2021). Counting the impact of vaccines for a safer, healthier world . https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/counting-the-impact-of- vaccines#:~:text=Immunization%20saves%20lives%20and%20protects,declined%20by %20nearly%20a%20quarter .

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