BIOL-356 Module 3 Short Answer Concept Test Questions

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Nov 24, 2024

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Module 3 Short Answer Concept Test Questions 1. (4pts) You are waiting at the bus stop and realize you should have worn a coat….it’s chilly! In a maximum of three sentences describe how your integumentary system will react to help maintain your body temperature. The integumentary system will react to the chilly temperature by causing vasoconstriction in the blood vessels of the skin. This action decreases blood flow near the surface of the skin, which helps retain heat and prevents further heat loss. Simultaneously, contraction of the arrector pili muscles leads to goosebumps formation, aiding in trapping an insulating layer of air next to the skin. 2. (4pts) It is August and you’ve been doing heavy yard work in the sun. In a maximum of three sentences describe how your integumentary system will react to help maintain body temperature. The integumentary system causes vasodilation, that is the expansion of blood vessels near the surface of the skin. This facilitates enhanced circulation to the skin and promotes heat dispersion by means of radiation and convection. Moreover, sweat glands are then activated to induce perspiration, which helps cool down the body through evaporative dissipation of heat. 3. (4pts) Bone resorption and deposition are constant processes. Based on your knowledge of bone remodeling which cells would you expect to be most active under the following scenarios: 1. Repair of a fracture: Osteoblasts to lay down new bone matrix and assist in the healing and remodeling of the fractured area. 2. Low blood Ca+ levels: Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone to release calcium into the bloodstream. 3. Localized response to increased mechanical load: Osteoblasts help build and reinforce bone in response to mechanical stress. 4. An extended diet deficient in calcium: Osteoclasts break down bone and release stored calcium into the bloodstream to compensate for the dietary deficiency. 5. Activity at growth plates in long bones of an adolescent: Chondrocytes, the cartilage-forming cells, allowing for the lengthening and growth of long bones. 4. (4pts) Individuals who receive radiation exposure or chemotherapy may be at increased risk of later developing primary bone cancer (meaning that the cancerous growth starts in the bone). Using your knowledge of the formation of bone and the overall function of skeletal tissue in the body,

explain why this is not surprising. Be specific - ensure that you directly relate course material to your explanation. Individuals who undergo radiation or chemotherapy treatment may have an increased risk of developing primary bone cancer. This is because bone marrow, which contains stem cells responsible for blood cell production, can be affected by these treatments. The damage to the bone marrow disrupts normal cell division and differentiation processes, potentially leading to the development of bone cancer. Radiation exposure can also cause DNA damage that triggers mutations in bone cells, further contributing to the formation of this type of cancer. The cellular environment within bones and the susceptibility of these cells to damage from radiation and chemotherapy contribute to the increased risk of primary bone cancer in individuals affected by cancer treatments. 5. (4pts) Provide a brief description for the expected process of cellular respiration within slow twitch muscle fibers and within fast twitch muscle fibers. Identify key differences in the process of cellular respiration within these two types of muscle tissue, and identify structural differences that will be seen between them as a result. Cellular respiration in slow-twitch muscle fibers is predominantly aerobic and relies on oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy. These muscle fibers are densely packed with mitochondria, the centers of aerobic respiration. Slow-twitch fibers are ideal for endurance sports because they can produce energy for extended periods. The critical distinction is that slow-twitch fibers have a high mitochondrial density, which allows them to use oxygen more efficiently for energy production. Fast-twitch muscle fibers, on the other hand, rely on anaerobic respiration for energy synthesis, using glycolysis to make ATP. When compared to slow-twitch fibers, they have fewer mitochondria. Fast-twitch fibers are designed for high-intensity bursts of activity. The reduced mitochondrial density reduces their potential for continuous aerobic respiration and renders them more prone to lactic acid accumulation, resulting in tiredness during extended exertion. 6. (4pts) The botulinum toxin prevents release of acetylcholine from motor neurons. What would you predict to be the functional result of exposure to botulinum toxin at a cellular level. Be specific about the mechanism that would be affected. Contrast the result of localized exposure to botulinum toxin (for example, from a Botox injection) and a systemic response (botulism poisoning). Botulinum toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons, resulting in muscle paralysis. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that transmits nerve signals to muscle fibers, causing them to contract. Therefore, exposure to botulinum toxin prevents the ability of motor neurons

to stimulate muscle contraction. When botulinum toxin is applied locally, such as in a Botox injection for cosmetic reasons, it only affects the specific area where it is injected. This causes temporary muscle paralysis in that particular region, which can reduce wrinkles or alleviate muscle-related conditions. On the other hand, if botulinum toxin enters the body systemically through contaminated food causing botulism poisoning, it spreads throughout the body and results in widespread muscle paralysis. This leads to severe weakness of muscles, difficulty breathing, and potentially life-threatening consequences due to its systemic effects. 7. (4pts) For each of the following hypothetical situations identify which type of muscle tissue would be most affected and what effect you would see in cell/tissue function. Justify your response with an explanation of your reasoning. A miscoding of the titin protein gene: Titin, a protein primarily found in skeletal muscle tissue, is essential for maintaining muscle elasticity and structural integrity. If the titin gene undergoes mutation or miscoding, it would mainly impact skeletal muscle tissue. This can result in weakened muscles with reduced contractility and impaired function as they lose their ability to stretch and recoil efficiently. A miscoding of the calmodulin protein gene: Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that regulates various cellular processes, including muscle contraction in smooth and cardiac muscle tissue. A miscoding of the calmodulin gene would predominantly affect smooth and cardiac muscle tissues. The function of these muscles would be disrupted, leading to impaired regulation of calcium ions during muscle contraction. This could result in irregular heart rhythms or dysfunction of smooth muscles in organs like the digestive tract or blood vessels.

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