CHEM 3212 REVIEW QUIZ

_____ are joined by a phosphodiester bond between the _____carbon atoms in their sugar moiety to form the back bone of DNA. Nucleic acids, 3’ and 5’ _________includes serologic testing of blood cell antigens. Immunogenetics ______enzymes bind with small regulatory molecules that ______the effect of the enzyme. allosteric, modulate 178 nucleotide B2 lncRNA represses RNAPII. A model that has been repeated and confirmed by many different observations is a theory A molecule produced by the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is NADH. A ribozyme is an RNA that demonstrates catalytic activity. True Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter. Aconitase is a _______ protein. iron-sulfur AGO2-RISC binds to ____ and is capable of forming a “closed-loop” even in the absence of poly(A) tail or associated proteins and, hence, could activate translation directly. eIF4E Alpha-linolenic acid is an example of omega-3 fatty acid, which is important for cardiovascular health. True Amphipathic describes a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. True An example of a signal sequence that facilitates a protein translocation to the nucleus is ______. PPKKKRKV An isomerase serves what function? Rotates a bond such as changing a molecule from a cis to trans conformation. As cells age, chromatin undergoes changes that are not classified as damage but lead to “aging” such as: decreased levels histone ADP-ribosylation. Benefits to a multidomain protein architecture include: All of the above Beriberi is a disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, which alters the function of transketolase. True Binding sites of antibodies are selective to a complementary epitope (a small peptide sequence on the surface of an antigen) Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction H20 + CO2 ↔ HCO3- + H+ Catalysis by bond strain infers that the transition state is achieved by structural rearrangements that alter bond stability. CDK7 is a component of ____ and _______RNPII in the CTD to initiate its transition away from the promoter. TFIIH, phosphorylates Chemical reaction coupling involves work that drives thermodynamically favorable reactions? False Cholesterol biosynthesis requires acetyl-CoA True Cholesterol is the precursor to: All of the above Chromatin components change during cell cycling. Cytochrome c oxidase participates in the ____ stage of the electron transport chain by converting _____________. final, O2 to water

Deacetylation of histones correlates with CpG methylation and the active state of chromatin False Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of which of the following? Water and polymers Disease can emerge due to environmental exposures that: are novel to the organism. Distinguishable characteristics between individual histones include all except: Varying isoforms that create distinct tetramers DNA and RNA differ in nucleic acid constituents how? ACGT, ACGU respectively DNA cytosine methylation is considered an epigenetic mark. True DNA methylation is essential for embryogenesis. True DNA methylation is not essential for embryogenesis. False DNA methyltransferases act as epigenetic modulators by: adding methyl groups to cytosines in CpG regions During translation initiation, the ribosome migrates along the ____, removing inhibitory stem loops, until it finds a start codon (___). 5’ UTR, AUG Embryonic cell type differentiation is determined by: nucleosome structure and epigenetic regulation of genes for a particular cell type Every reaction is characterized by its equilibrium constant, Keq, which is a function of the All of the above Evolutionary theory is based on observations that different organisms have different genotypes, and different genotypes produce different phenotypes. True Evolved defense processes expressed excessively can cause disease. True FAIRE is a method used to enrich active regulatory regions of the DNA. Following deadenylation of the poly A tail, mRNA degradation occurs in both a 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’ direction. GABA receptors act as GABA-gated anion channels selective to Cl-ions and have an inhibitory effect on neurotransmitter response. Glutamine serves as a precursor for the synthesis of proline. H3K4me3 is an abbreviation for: trimethylated histone 3 lysine 4. Histone replacement in a certain nucleosome results in: erasure or change in histone marks at a particular gene region. Histones are highly positively charged due to ________ that counteract the negative charge of _________ on DNA. lysine or arginine, phosphate groups Homologies provide evidence that all organisms: All of the above. How many molecules of ATP are produced from the conversion of glucose to pyruvate? 2 If an organism’s environment changes so that a particular phenotype is no longer useful, that particular trait may be eliminated through the process of directed selection. In gluconeogenesis, which conversion occurs? Pyruvate to glucose In the respiratory chain, electrons are transferred from NADH to O2 through All of the above. IncRNAs are transcribed by _______and inhibit _______ of its CTD. RNPII, phosphorylation

The absorption of amino acids requires an active transport process that is dependent upon either __ or ___. Na+, H+ The binding of TBP to the minor groove of DNA appears to present a paradox because, as a sequence-specific binding protein, TBP needs to be able to detect the bases that are ‘shielded’ within the minor groove of B-DNA. True The bond between _____ is strongest compared to _____ due to _______. GC, AT, more hydrogen bonds The bond between carbon atoms in CH4 is a covalent bond. The conformation adopted by the polypeptide backbone is referred to as secondary structure. The core promoter is generally defined as: the DNA regulatory element that directs accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. The denaturing (opening) of the DNA duplex for transcription requires energy to overcome base-pairing and stacking energies. False The equilibrium constant is the quotient of forward reaction kf (reactants to products)/ by the rate of the reverse reaction kr (products to reactants). The folding of conformation of a 3-D conformation is determined by a protein’s amino acid sequence c. post translational modification The mediator participates in: All of above The Michaelis-Menten equation determines that a [substrate] that produces ½ Vmax is numerically equal to Km The nucleosome consists of: 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around 8 histones. The packaging of the long DNA chains in chromatin plays 3 critical roles in the cell that include all except: Repair The principle epigenetic “tag” found in DNA is: covalent attachment of a methyl group to the C5 position of cytosine residues in CpG regions. The rate of conversion of glucose into pyruvate is determined by the cellular needs for ATP The rRNA genes are located in the ________ and transcribed by the _____. nucleolus, RNPI The second aspect of the Cell Theory is: Cells arise from pre-existing cells The sharing of electrons in a peptide bond is referred to as resonance. To our current knowledge, ribonucleotide reducatase is 1 of 4 enzymes used in the generation of all deoxyribonucleotides. False Trans-acting factors are RNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription of many mRNAs. False Transcriptional regulation is achieved by diversity of: All of the above Transfer RNA (tRNA) structure includes All of the above Viruses are important parts of our ecosystem that encourage human evolution. What does ORF stand for in the context of the Central Dogma? Open reading frame What is a zinc finger? A DNA-binding protein domain with either a pair of cysteines and histidines or two pairs of cysteines that act together to coordinate zinc ion. What type of bond aids to stabilize a folded protein? Disulfide

When environment changes rapidly resulting in a large reduction of a population size, the propagated traits occur via the bottleneck effect. Which bond or force most commonly facilitates the interaction between an enzyme and a substrate? Ionic bond Which histone has an amino acid sequence that only differs by 2 amino acids between the species of pea and cow. H4 Which histone is lysine rich and neutralizes the negatively charged DNA backbone? H1 Which is of the following is the most prominent enzyme in glycolysis? Phosphofructokinase Which is true regarding telomeres? They protect DNA ends from damage Which model of protein transport developed form the observation that vesicles formed in the Golgi moved cargo proteins between cisternae from the cis face to the trans face? The Vesicular Transport Model Which of the following is an end product of fatty acid synthesis for animal fat? Palmitic acid Which of the following is an essential amino acid? Methionine Which of the following is considered a phenotype? All of the above Which of the following is true regarding the nature of science? It is highly social. Which of the following represents a focused core promoter DNA sequence motif? TATA Which protein aids to determine whether TATA- or DPE-dependent transcription will occur? TBP Which RNA is translated into a peptide sequence as the first step in the central dogma? mRNA