Astrology9090

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Astronomy

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Jan 9, 2024

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Define the following 1. Geocentric Universe- The term geocentric astrology is used to describe any astronomical system that takes Earth as its vantage point for charting the movements of the stars. Some astrologers have dabbled with heliocentric systems, resulting in heliocentric astrology, when all previous systems were geocentric. 2. Heliocentric Universe- Astrology based on the Sun Birth charts in heliocentric astrology are constructed with the Sun as the center of the Solar System, as in the heliocentric paradigm. 3. Retrograde motion- The concept of retrograde motion is fascinating in astrological contexts. An optical illusion happens when one body is traveling at a higher speed than another; from the vantage point of the faster moving body, the slower moving body seems to be reversing direction. 4. Parallax- The Sun's or Moon's parallax is the angle between their apparent motion relative to Earth's center and the observer's position. A parallax is the angle OME, where O is an observer on Earth's surface, E is Earth's center, and M is the Moon's location. This shifts when the Moon changes in elevation. 5. Period- There are twelve astrological eras, one for each of the zodiac signs, that are said to correlate to significant periods in human history that saw significant shifts in cultural, social, and political institutions. 6. Escape velocity- In astronomy and space travel, the term "escape velocity" refers to the speed at which a body must travel in order to leave a region of concentrated gravity without losing speed. 7. Kepler’s Laws- The three laws of Kepler explain the motion of the planets around the Sun. These explain why (1) planets travel in elliptical orbits with the Sun as their focus, (2) a planet's orbital period is proportionate to the size of its orbit, and (3) a planet's orbital period covers the same amount of space regardless of where it is in its orbit (its semi-major axis). 8. Newton’s Laws- Classical mechanics rests on Newton's laws of motion, which are a set of three assertions that describe the relationships between the forces acting on a body and the motion of the body. Newton was an English scientist and mathematician. Answer the following questions. All questions must be answered in full sentences or full credit will not be given. Any question that has math associated with it you must show all work on your answers or full credit will not be given (just giving a number as an answer does not tell me that you know where the number came from). Note: A full sentence completely repeats or restates the question within the answer. 9. When Tycho Brahe observed a new star in the sky he could not measure any parallax, how does this undermine the beliefs of classical astronomy? Isaac Newton, an English physicist and mathematician, is credited with being the first person to formulate the laws of motion, which are three statements that describe the relations between the

forces acting on a body and the motion of the body. Newton's laws of motion are the foundation of classical mechanics. 10. How do Kepler’s first two laws of planetary motion overthrow the basic belief of Aristotle (i.e. classical astronomy)? It claims that the planets do not circle Earth and also that their orbits are not circular; as a result, it challenges the concept of uniform circular motion. 11. In Kepler’s third law of planetary what does the value a stand for? What does the value P stand for? Tell me what these values are for the planets Earth, Venus and Mars. Hint: use the table A-10 in your text book to answer the last part. As the equation for Kepler's Third Law is P2 = a3, it follows that the period of a planet's orbit, which is denoted by P, is proportional to the size of the semi-major axis of the orbit, which is denoted by a, when both are written in astronomical units. In practice, what Kepler's Third Law does is make a comparison between the orbital period and the orbital radius of one planet to those of other planets. 12. If you drop a feather and a hammer at the same time on the Earth they should hit the ground at the same time. Why doesn’t this work on the Earth and why does it work on the moon? The feather and the hammer both made contact with the surface at the same instant. This is because there is no air resistance on the moon, thus all objects accelerate towards the surface at exactly the same velocity. Since there is almost no atmosphere on the Moon, the air resistance there is almost nonexistent. 13. You are sitting next to a person who weighs twice as much as you. Is the force of gravity you feel from that person the same, larger, or smaller than the force of gravity that person feels from you? Larger, because of their mass. 14. You are sitting next to a person who weighs twice as much as you. If you move over so that you double the distance between you does the force of gravity between the two of you remain the same, increase, or decrease? The gravitational force decreased by 1/4 15. Explain how each of Galileo’s telescopic discoveries disprove Aristotle’s (classical

astronomy) view of the universe. 16. If a planet has an average distance of 2.0 AU from the sun, what is its orbital period? Kepler’s third law is the relation between planet’s orbital period and mean distance from the sun to planet. From the third law, The square of the orbital period of celestial object is directly proportional to cube of its mean distance from the sun. The orbital period in years and average distance is in astronomical unit AU. Kepler’s third law can be stated in mathematical form as p^2=A^2 p^2=2^3 =(8)½ =2.82 years 17. Uranus orbits the sun with a period of 84.0 years, what is its average distance from the sun? According to keplers third law of motion 19.2 AU. 18. Compared to the strength of gravity on the surface of the Earth, how much weaker is the force of gravity at a distance of 10 earth radii? At 20 earth radii? The gravitational force acting on you at the surface of the Earth is given by the equation FE = GmME RE 2, where m is your mass. The gravitational force, F, is calculated as follows at a distance of 10 Earth radii: F = GmME (10RE ) 2 = GmME 100RE 2 equals 1 hundred fold weakened, or one hundred times weaker than at the surface. Furthermore, if you go away from the center of the Earth by 20 Earth radii, the gravitational force will be reduced by a factor of 400 (keep in mind that 400 equals 202). Extra Credit 1. If a space probe is sent into an orbit around the Sun that brings it as close a 0.4 AU and as far away as 5.4 AU, what is its orbital period? 2. Why is the period of an open orbit undefined? 3. If you visited a spherical asteroid of 30 km

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in radius with a mass of 4 × 1017 kg, what would the escape velocity of the body be? Would a major league pitcher who throws a 90 mile per hour fast ball, be able to have this ball escape the body? (Note: 40 miles per hour is 40 m/s)

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