Understanding Light-Years: Quiz and Case Study Insights

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Quiz 1 Question 1 1 point A light-year is ⬜ an interval of time ✅ a measure of length ⬜ an indication of speed Question 2 1 point This telescope image was taken of the Andromeda Galaxy, which is located about 2.5 million ly away from us. This image shows how the Andromeda Galaxy ⬜ looks right now ✅ looked in the past ⬜ will look in the future Question 3 1 point Which of the following statements does NOT use the term “light-year” in an appropriate way? ⬜ It's about 4 light-years from here to Proxima Centauri. ⬜ The Milky Way Galaxy is about 100,000 light- years in diameter. ⬜ It will take the Voyager spacecraft about 20,000 years to travel just 1 light-year. ✅ It will take me light-years to complete this homework assignment. ⬜ A light-year is about 10 trillion kilometers. Question 4 1 point Your satellite orbits close to the Sun and detects a solar flare erupting at 10:00 PM, as measured by the satellite’s clock. Your clock is exactly synchronized with the satellite clock. The Sun is located 8 light minutes away from Earth. If you wish to observe this flare from your backyard, you need to look at: ⬜ 9:52 PM ⬜ 10:00 PM ✅ 10:08 PM ⬜ 10:52 PM ⬜ None of the above are correct, since this flare has already

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! occurred. Part 2 - Case Study Imagine that you have received six pictures of six different children who live near six of the closest stars to the Sun. Each picture shows a child on his or her 12th birthday. The pictures were each broadcast directly to you (using a satellite) on the day of the child’s birthday. Note the abbreviation “ly” is used below to represent a light-year. Eugene lives on a planet orbiting Ross 154, which is 9.5 ly from the Sun. Max lives on a planet orbiting Barnard’s Star, which is 6.0 ly from the Sun. Crystal lives on a planet orbiting Sirius, which is 8.6 ly from the Sun. Sydney lives on a planet orbiting Alpha Centauri, which is 4.3 ly from the Sun. Kelly lives on a planet orbiting Epsilon Eridani, which is 10.8 ly from the Sun. Mitch lives on a planet orbiting Procyon, which is 11.4 ly from the Sun. Question 5 1 point Which child lives closest to our Sun? ⬜ Eugene ⬜ Max ⬜ Crystal ✅ Sydney ⬜ Kelly ⬜ Mitch Question 6 1 point What was the greatest amount of time that it took for any one of the pictures to travel from the child to you? " 11.4 years " Question 7 1 point Imagine that the six pictures all arrived to you at exactly the same time. For this to be true, which child had to send their picture first? ⬜ Eugene ⬜ Max ⬜ Crystal ⬜ Sydney ⬜ Kelly ✅ Mitch Question 8 1 point Imagine that the six pictures all arrived to you at exactly the same time. For this to be true, which child had to send their picture last? ⬜ Eugene ⬜ Max ⬜ Crystal ✅ Sydney ⬜ Kelly ⬜ Mitch

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 9 6 points If each child was 12 years old when he or she sent his or her picture to you, how old was each of the children when you received their picture? Write the current age of each child in the corresponding blanks and DO NOT ROUND YOUR ANSWERS - KEEP ANY DECIMAL PLACES. Answer this way (without the quotes) "______ years old" Eugene: 21.5 years old Max: 18 years old Crystal: 20.6 years old Sydney: 16.3 years old Kelly: 22.8 years old Mitch: 23.4 years old Question 10 1 point What is the relationship between the actual age of each child when you received the message and his or her distance away from Earth? Answer by filling in the blank to complete the sentence: "The farther away the child is, the older the child" Question 11 1 point Imagine that you simultaneously receive the satellite transmission of two pictures of two people that live on planets orbiting two different stars. Each image shows the people at their 21st birthday parties. Consider the following possible interpretations that could be made from your observations. Which do you think is the most plausible interpretation? ⬜ The person that is closer to you is actually the older of the two people. ✅ The person that is farther from you is actually the older of the two people. ⬜ The people are actually different ages but at the same distance from you. ⬜ Both people are the same age but at different distances from you. Part 3 - Application Question 12 3 points Imagine that you are observing the light from a distant star that was located in a galaxy 100 million ly away from you. By analysis of the starlight received, you are able to tell that the image we see is of a 10 million year old star. You are also able to predict that the star will have a total lifetime of 50 million years, at which point it will end in a catastrophic explosive death called a Supernova. Answer the following questions in the blanks provided. a) How old does the star appear to us here on Earth? Write your answer this way (without the quotes):

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! " 10 million years old " b) How long will it be before we receive the light from the Supernova event? Write your answer this way (without the quotes): " 40 million years " c) When did the Supernova explosion occur? Write your answer this way (without the quotes): " 60 million years ago " Question 13 1 point Fifteen years ago, a galaxy was observed that was found to be located 8 billion light years away. If our universe is approximately 15 billion years old, when did the galaxy emit the light that we observe? Write your answer this way (without the quotes): " 8 billion years ago " Quiz 2 Part A: Multiple Choice (Answers in this section are worth 0.5 marks each). Question 1 0.5 points What type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest frequency? ✅ gamma ray ⬜ X-ray ⬜ Microwave ⬜ Infrared

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Visible ⬜ Radio ⬜ ultraviolet Question 2 0.5 points What type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength? ⬜ Visible ⬜ X-ray ⬜ Infrared ⬜ gamma ray ✅ Radio ⬜ Ultraviolet ⬜ microwave Question 3 0.5 points What type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy? ⬜ Radio ⬜ Microwave ⬜ Infrared ✅ gamma ray ⬜ Visible ⬜ X-ray ⬜ ultraviolet Question 4 0.5 points What type of electromagnetic radiation has the greatest speed? ⬜ Radio ⬜ Microwave ⬜ Infrared ⬜ Visible ⬜ Ultraviolet ⬜ X-ray ⬜ gamma ray ✅ All travel at the same speed Question 5 0.5 points The figure shows the spectrum of a two stars: A and B. Which star looks red?

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Star A ✅ Star B ⬜ Neither star looks red ⬜ Both Stars look red Question 6 0.5 points The figure shows the spectrum of a two stars: A and B. Which star gives off more red light? ✅ Star A ⬜ Star B ⬜ Cannot answer with the information given. Question 7 0.5 points The figure shows the spectrum of a two stars: A and C. Which star is hotter?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Star A ⬜ Star C ✅ Both stars are at the same temperature Question 8 0.5 points A light wave’s frequency is ____________ related to its ____________, and the light wave’s ____________ is always ______________. ⬜ inversely; wavelength; speed; increasing ✅ inversely; wavelength; speed; constant ⬜ directly; wavelength; speed; constant ⬜ directly; speed; wavelength; decreasing ⬜ inversely; speed; wavelength; constant Question 9 0.5 points The Chandra X-ray telescope must operate in space because ⬜ X-rays travel too quickly to be detected accurately on Earth ✅ X-rays do not penetrate Earth's atmosphere ⬜ X-rays are too dangerous to be allowed on the ground ⬜ it was built by NASA ⬜ X-ray telescopes require the use of the vacuum of space Question 10 0.5 points Blackbody curves of fours stars are shown below with all axes identical in scale. Stars _____ and _____ are the _________ and both appear _________. ⬜ A; C; hottest; a different colour from each other ⬜ A; B; hottest; both blue

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ C; D; coolest; a different colour from each other ⬜ A; B; hottest; both red ✅ B; D; coolest; both red Part B - Ranking Task Consider this graph of three different stars' spectral curves. Assume that all three stars can be observed in the visible part of the spectrum. Question 11 1 point Rank the brightnesses of the stars from highest to lowest. (Highest = 1...Lowest = 3) 1 1⃣ A 3 3⃣ B 2 2⃣ C Question 12 1 point Rank the visible color (from most red to most blue) of each star (Most Red = 1...Most Blue = 3) 1 1⃣ C 3 3⃣ A 2 2⃣ B Question 13 1 point Rank the temperature (from coolest to hottest) of each star (Coolest = 1 .... Hottest = 3) 1 1⃣ C 3 3⃣ A 2 2⃣ B

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Part C: Calculations Choose the best numerical answer to each question. Note, each question in this section is worth 2 marks. Question 14 2 points Calculate the frequency of a light source having a wavelength of 650 nm? (1 nm = 10 -9 m) ⬜ 4.6×10 −4 Hz ⬜ 2.2×10 −15 Hz ⬜ 2.2×10 −6 Hz ✅ 4.6×10 14 Hz ⬜ 461538.5 Hz Question 15 2 points A certain light wave is emitted with a frequency of 5.8 x 10 14 Hz. What is the wavelength of this wave? (answer in meters) ⬜ 5.17×10 21 m ⬜ 1933333.3 m ✅ 5.17×10 −7 m ⬜ 1.93×10 22 m ⬜ 1.74×10 23 m Question 16 2 points The surface temperature of a star is found to be 12 000 o K. What is the peak wavelength of light emitted by this star? ⬜ 2.4×10 −16 m ⬜ 4.1×10 15 m ⬜ 4137931.0 m ✅ 2.4×10 −7 m ⬜ 34.8 m Question 17 2 points This is a blackbody spectral curve of a star. Using this curve, determine the approximate surface temperature of this star.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ 5.8×10 −6 K ⬜ 0.01 K ⬜ 6.0×10 −15 K ⬜ 172,413 K ✅ 6000 K Question 18 2 points A blackbody emission spectrum of object A peaks in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength of 200 x 10 -9 m. That of object B peaks in the red region, at 600 x 10 -9 m. According to Wien’s Law, how many times hotter is A than B? ⬜ 8 times hotter ✅ 3 times hotter ⬜ 1/3 as hot ⬜ 800 times hotter ⬜ 400 times hotter Quiz 3 Part A: Multiple Choice Choose the best answer for each question. Question 1 1 point A bright star is moving away from Earth. If you were to look at the spectrum of this star, what would it look like? ⬜ You would not see any spectrum at all since the star is too bright.

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ An absorption spectrum that is blueshifted relative to us. ⬜ A continuous spectrum that is redshifted relative to us. ⬜ A continuous spectrum that is blueshifted relative to us. ✅ An absorption spectrum that is redshifted relative to us. Question 2 1 point The cosmological principle states that the universe can have no ________ which would violate ________ and the universe can have no ________ which would violate ________. ✅ center; isotropy; edge; homogeneity ⬜ center; expansion; edge; isotropy ⬜ end; expansion; beginning; Hubble’s Law ⬜ edge; expansion; center; isotropy ⬜ edge; isotropy; center; homogeneity Question 3 1 point When we use the analogy that represents the expanding universe with the surface of an expanding balloon, what does the inside of the balloon represent? ⬜ The entire universe. ⬜ The center of the universe. ⬜ Regions of the universe beyond the Milky Way galaxy. ⬜ Regions of the universe that have not yet been discovered. ✅ None of the above Question 4 1 point Suppose we look at two distant galaxies: Galaxy 1 is ________ as far away as Galaxy 2. In that case, Galaxy 1 is ________ as Galaxy 2: ⬜ twice; four times big ⬜ four times; twice as old ⬜ four times; twice as big ⬜ twice; twice as big ✅ twice; twice as old Question 5 1 point Consider three widely separated galaxies in an expanding universe. Imagine that you are located in Galaxy A and observe that both Galaxies B and C are moving away from you. If you asked an observer in Galaxy C to describe how Galaxy B appears to move, what would he or she say? ⬜ “Galaxy B is not moving.” ⬜ “Galaxy B is moving toward Galaxy C.” ✅ “Galaxy B is moving away from Galaxy C.”

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 6 1 point A star looks mainly yellow to an observer who is at rest with respect to the star. If the star was moving at a few km/s ________ from the observer, the star will look _______ . ⬜ away; very red ⬜ away; very blue ⬜ towards; very red ✅ None of the above are correct Question 7 1 point Suppose you are arguing with a friend who insists on imagining that the expansion of the universe is like an explosion. Which of the following explains why your friend is not correct? ⬜ Explosions have an edge and the universe doesn’t. ⬜ Explosions move fastest when you’re at the center, but velocities in the universe appear slowest closest to us. ⬜ Explosions have a center but the universe doesn’t. ✅ All the above explain why your friend is not correct. Part B: Case Study [Adapted from Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy, 1st Ed., Adams, Prather, Slater (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005)] The two drawings below represent the same group of galaxies at two different points in time during the history of the universe (each smear represents a galaxy). Question 8 1 point It is clear that the universe expanded in going from “Early” to “Some Time Later”. Do the

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! galaxies themselves appear to get bigger (Answer Yes or No ) No Question 9 1 point Will the stars within a galaxy move away from each other as the universe expands? (Answer Yes or No ) No Question 10 1 point If you lived in galaxy D , how would the galaxies A , B , C , and E appear to move relative to your location? (Answer by writing: Moving Away or Moving Towards ) Moving Away Question 11 1 point If you were in galaxy B , how would the galaxies A , C , D , and E appear to move relative to your location? (Answer by writing: Moving Away or Moving Towards ) Moving Away Question 12 1 point Compare the amount that the distance between galaxies D and C changed to the amount that the distance between galaxies D and A changed. Did galaxy C or galaxy A appear to have moved farther from D ? (Answer A or C ) A Question 13 1 point What is the relationship between an object’s distance away from you in the universe and its apparent speed? Fill in the blank: The farther away a galaxy is, the ____ it is moving. faster Question 14 1 point According to all your answers above, what can be said about the center of the expanding universe: Does the universe have a center? Answer Yes or No. No Part C - Ranking Task 1 The absorption spectrum of a hypothetical star (at rest) is shown at top of the figure. The three other spectra below show similar stars that are moving relative to Earth.

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 15 1 point Rank the speed of the stars (A, B, and C) moving fastest toward the Earth to moving fastest away from Earth. [1 = Fastest towards...3 = Fastest away] 2 2⃣ B 1 1⃣ C 3 3⃣ A Part D - Ranking Task 2 The three absorption curves shown in the graphs below illustrate the energy output versus wavelength for three unknown stars A, B, and C. All three graphs have the same scale on their axes. Question 16 1 point Rank the stars' temperature from Hottest to Coolest. [1 = Hottest...3 = Coolest] 3 3⃣ A

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! 1 1⃣ B 2 2⃣ C Part E - Ranking Task 3 An important line in the absorption spectrum of stars occurs at a wavelength of 660 nm for stars at rest. Imagine that you observe five stars (A-E) from Earth and discover that this absorption line is at the wavelength shown in the table for each of the five stars. Question 17 1 point Based on the information in the table, which rank the speed of the stars from moving fastest toward the Earth to moving fastest away from Earth. [1 = Fastest Toward...5 = Fastest Away] 1 1⃣ E 2 2⃣ A 3 3⃣ C 5 5⃣ D 4 4⃣ B Part F: Calculations Each question in this section is worth 2 marks. Question 18 2 points According to the Hubble Law, where we assume the Hubble Constant H o = 72 km/s/Mpc, a galaxy that is receding from us with a velocity of 10,000 km/s is at a distance, D, of ✅ 138.9 Mpc ⬜ 720,000 Mpc ⬜ 0.0072 Mpc ⬜ 10,000 Mpc ⬜ 720 Mpc Question 19 2 points According to the Hubble Law, where we assume the Hubble Constant H o = 70 km/s/Mpc, a

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! galaxy that is at a distance 400 Mpc away is receding from us with a velocity of ⬜ 470 km/s ✅ 28,000 km/s ⬜ 330 km/s ⬜ 5.7 km/s ⬜ 0.175 km/s Question 20 2 points What would Hubble's constant be if we found one galaxy moving away at 30,000 km/s at a distance of 600 Mpc? ✅ 50 km/s/Mpc ⬜ 29,400 km/s/Mpc ⬜ 18,000,000 km/s/Mpc ⬜ 0.02 km/s/Mpc ⬜ 30,600 km/s/Mpc Question 21 2 points Suppose the Hubble Constant were measured and found to be twice as large as it is now believed to be. The implied age of the universe in a Big Bang model would be ⬜ doubled ⬜ quadrupled ⬜ tripled ✅ halved ⬜ the same Quiz 4 Part A: Multiple Choice Question 1 1 point Imagine that you could travel at the speed of light. Starting from Earth, how long would it take you to travel to the center of the Milky Way Galaxy? ✅ 28,000 years ⬜ 50,000 years ⬜ 100,000 years ⬜ 28,000 ly ⬜ 50,000 ly ⬜ 100,000 ly

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 2 1 point The image represents the Milky Way Galaxy. Approximately how large is the diameter of the white dot shown on the image? ⬜ 50,000 ly ⬜ 75,000 ly ✅ 25,000 ly ⬜ 100,000 ly Question 3 1 point An _____ galaxy has ___________ spiral arms and __________________________.” ⬜ SBa; loosely wound; has a distinct bar region along the center ✅ SBc; loosely wound; has a distinct bar region along the center ⬜ Sc; tightly wound; has no distinct bar region ⬜ E2; tightly wound; is nearly circular in shape ⬜ E6; no; very near circular in shape Question 4 1 point What is wrong with the following statement: “A new elliptical galaxy was just discovered 1,000 lightyears away from Earth.” ✅ 1,000 lightyears is too close to Earth for another galaxy to exist. ⬜ Elliptical galaxies only exist beyond 10 billion lightyears from Earth. ⬜ There is nothing wrong with the statement; it is perfectly valid. ⬜ Elliptical galaxies are old making this statement false. ⬜ All galaxies have been discovered and accounted for in the universe. Question 5 1 point In which component of the Milky Way galaxy would we find the most stars? ⬜ Buldge

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Halo ✅ Disk Question 6 1 point Why do we see the Milky Way as a faint band of light stretching across the sky? ✅ We are in the disk of the Milky Way and when looking towards the center we see a streak across the sky. ⬜ We are in the center of our galaxy and when looking at the sky we see a long streak representing the rest of the galaxy outwards. ⬜ We are at the outer edge of our galaxy and looking towards the center we see a long streak of stars in the sky. ⬜ We are located in the halo looking "down" at all the stars in the Milky Way. Part B: Galaxy Classification Classify each galaxy using Hubble's Tuning Fork classification system. For each question use only one of these terms to answer: Sa , Sb , Sc , SBa , SBb , SBc , E0 , E1 , E2 , E3 , E4 , E5 , E6 , E7 (these can be used more than once). Question 7 5 points SBc E0 Sa or Sb

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! E6 or E7 SBa or SBb Part C: Case Study [Adapted from Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy, 1st Ed., Adams, Prather, Slater (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005)] Below is a picture of a spiral galaxy similar to our Milky Way galaxy. The Sun and four other stars, labelled A – D, are shown. In this image, the end-to-end distance of the galaxy represents about 100,000 ly.

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 8 1 point Using the scale in the image where the end-to-end distance is 100,000 ly, determine how far away the Sun is from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Note: You do not have to be exact; choose what you think is the closest answer. Choose the closest answer: ⬜ 10,000 ly ✅ 30,000 ly ⬜ 50,000ly ⬜ 75,000 ly ⬜ 100,000 ly Question 9 4 points Below you will see a list of four bright stars in the night sky along with their distances away from the Sun. Write the letter of the dot (A through D) from the picture above that best represents the location of each star. You can use letters more than once. Take a ruler to the image above. The length is 10cm. So each 1cm represents 10,000 ly.

Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Sirius : 9 ly away from the Sun [Answer A , B , C , or D ] A Vega : 26 ly away from the Sun [Answer A , B , C , or D ] A Rigel : 810 ly away from the Sun. [Answer A , B , C , or D ] A Deneb : 1400 ly away from the Sun [Answer A , B , C , or D ] A Question 10 1 point We used a “dot” to represent the Sun’s location in the picture. Is this dot too small, too large or just the right size to represent the size of the Sun on the picture? ⬜ Too small ✅ Too large ⬜ Just the right size Quiz 5 Part A: Multiple Choice Question 1 1 point In the figure, which star is the North Star (Polaris)? ⬜ A ⬜ B ⬜ C over 10k ly.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ D ✅ E Question 2 1 point The Sun appears to rise and set in our sky because ________, and you are one year older each time ________. ⬜ the Sun moves across the orbit of Earth; the Sun completes one rotation on its axis ⬜ Earth’s rotational axis is tilted; Earth completes one rotation on its axis ✅ Earth rotates on its axis; Earth completes one orbit around the Sun ⬜ Earth rotates on its axis; the Sun completes one rotation on its axis ⬜ the Sun rotates on its axis; Earth completes one orbit around the Sun Question 3 1 point If the Earth suddenly reversed its direction of spin, without changing its orbital direction around the Sun, ⬜ no change would occur with the apparent motion of the objects in the sky. ⬜ over the year the Sun would travel in reverse through the signs of the Zodiac compared to now. ✅ the Sun would rise in the West and set in the East. ⬜ summer would come six months later. ⬜ the stars would appear to stop moving in the sky Question 4 1 point If you could see stars during the day, the drawing shows what the sky would look like at noon on a given day. The Sun is near the stars of the constellation Taurus. Near which constellation would the Sun have been located with at 6AM on this day?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Pisces ⬜ Gemini ✅ Taurus ⬜ Aries ⬜ Cancer Question 5 1 point You go out tonight and see the brightest star in the constellation Orion just rising above your Eastern horizon at 10 PM. One week later at 10 PM, this same star will be ✅ slightly higher in the sky ⬜ at the same height as before ⬜ below your horizon Question 6 1 point One evening at midnight, you observe Leo high in the southern sky at midnight. Virgo is to the east of Leo and Cancer is to the west . One month earlier, which of these constellations was high in the Southern sky at midnight? ⬜ Leo ⬜ Virgo ✅ Cancer Question 7 1 point The celestial sphere ⬜ a) is a real sphere surrounding the earth upon which the stars, sun, moon and

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! planets reside ⬜ b) is a real sphere because the stars, sun, moon and planets all have the same distances from the earth ✅ c) is an imaginary sphere surrounding Earth upon which the stars, sun, moon and planets appear to reside ⬜ d) (a) and (b) ⬜ e) (a) and (c) Question 8 1 point If you observe the sky for several hours during a particular clear night from Toronto, you will observe ✅ a) the star Polaris remaining stationary when you look towards the North Celestial Pole ⬜ b) the celestial sphere not spinning at all in just several hours of viewing ⬜ c) the star Polaris remaining stationary when you look along your horizon ⬜ d) the celestial sphere spinning from west to east. ⬜ e) the constellations changing shape as the stars move relative to one another. Question 9 1 point At which of these times of day would you expect to find the Sun in the East? ✅ a) 6:00AM ⬜ b) Noon ⬜ c) Midnight ⬜ d) 6:00PM Question 10 1 point Which person sees the most circumpolar stars? ⬜ a) The Venezuelan (10˚ N. latitude) ⬜ b) The Costa Rican (20˚ N. latitude) ⬜ c) The Texan (32˚ N. latitude) ✅ d) The Alaskan (58˚ N. latitude) ⬜ e) They would all see the same number of circumpolar stars since they are all in the Northern Hemisphere Question 11 1 point An observer is located in Mexico, at 25˚ north latitude. Can the observer see the north

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! celestial pole? ✅ a) Yes ⬜ b) No ⬜ c) It depends on the time of year Question 12 1 point The principal use of dividing the sky up into constellations today is to ⬜ a) allow historians to recall and/or identify the ancient gods and goddess. ✅ b) identify regions and/or designate positions for objects in the sky. ⬜ c) establish the basis for the retelling of mythological stories of the stars. ⬜ d) allow astrologers to predict the future. ⬜ e) prohibit stars from crossing the borders. Question 13 1 point Polaris is a member of our Solar System ⬜ True ✅ False Question 14 1 point Constellations are close clusters of stars, all at about the same distance from the Sun. ⬜ True ✅ False Part B: Case Study [Adapted from Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy, 1st Ed., Adams, Prather, Slater (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005)] Figure 1 shows the view of the Earth-Sun system indicating the direction of both the daily rotation of the Earth about its own axis and its annual orbit about the Sun. You are the observer shown in Figure 1, located on Earth in the Northern Hemisphere while facing South.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Figure 2 shows a horizon view of what you would see when facing South on this night at the same time as shown in Figure 1. Question 15 1 point Which labeled constellation do you see highest in the Southern sky? ⬜ Aries ⬜ Gemini ⬜ Cancer ✅ Taurus

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Pisces Question 16 2 points For the time shown, which constellation is just to the East (i.e., to your left when you are facing South) of the highest constellation at this instant? Gemini Which constellation is just to the West (i.e., to your right when you are facing South) of the highest constellation at this instant? Aries Question 17 1 point One month later , the Earth will have moved one-twelfth of the way around the Sun. You are again facing South while observing at midnight. Which constellation will now be highest in the Southern sky? Hint : Look at Figure 1 and follow the path of Earth around Sun… Gemini Question 18 1 point Do you have to look East or West of the highest constellation that you see now, to see the constellation that was highest one month ago at midnight? Hint : Everything moves from East to West West Part C - Constellation Naming The following star patterns show all or part of a constellation. Do an Internet search for "constellation guides" and match these star patterns with their names. Note, some figures may be slightly rotated. Question 19 4 points Match the Name with the correct Constellation Pattern. Note: There is one extra constellation listed which is not one of the figure patterns. 1. Leo 2. Orion 3 3⃣ 3. Cassiopeia 4. Crux 5. Pisces 1 1⃣

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! 2 2⃣ 4 4⃣ Extra questions some other sections got Question 11 1 point Does the constellation that was the highest in the sky at midnight a month ago now rise earlier or later than it rose a month ago? (acceptable answer: earlier, later) Earlier Question 16 1 point The Sun completes one passage around the Celestial Sphere in ⬜ a) 12 hours ⬜ b) one day ⬜ c) 230 Million Years ✅ d) one year ⬜ e) one hour Question 19 1 point You are looking down on Earth from a spacecraft hovering far above. After watching for a while, you notice that, from your perspective, it is rotating counterclockwise. The part of the Earth that is directly below you must be the Earth’s ⬜ a) South Pole ✅ b) North Pole ⬜ c) Equator Test 1

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Which of the following is true about light waves? ⬜ a) A wave with a higher frequency will have a lower energy but a higher speed ✅ b) A wave with a higher frequency will have a smaller wavelength but the same speed ⬜ c) A wave with a higher speed will have a higher energy and a smaller wavelength ⬜ d). All light waves have the same energy, but different wavelengths ⬜ e) A wave with a higher speed will have a larger wavelength and higher frequency The following lists people who live in the Northern Hemisphere along with their geographic latitudes. Who would see the most number of circumpolar stars? ⬜ a) Jamie: 15 degrees North latitude ⬜ b) Emma: 25 degrees North latitude ⬜ c) Bill: 32 degrees North latitude ✅ d) Naomi: 45 degrees North latitude ⬜ e) All of the above people would see the same number of circumpolar stars since they are all located in the Northern Hemisphere. We are able to see constellations in the sky on a clear night without the help of a telescope. Do the constellations we see at night depend on where we are on the Earth? ✅ a) Yes, because we can't see through the planet's surface, and so only a limited amount of the sky is viewable from any one latitude on the Earth. ⬜ b) Yes, because when it is daytime here, it is night on the other side of the planet, so people on the same latitude can see two different sets of stars. ⬜ c) No, because the Earth spins on its axis. ⬜ d) No, because all stars rise in the East and set in the West. ⬜ e) No, because in the Southern Hemisphere stars rise in the West and set in the East

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! How should this galaxy be classified according to Hubble's Tuning Fork classification system? ✅ a) SBa ⬜ b) E1 ⬜ c) Irr ⬜ d) E7 ⬜ e) Sc Question 1 1 point Which of the following statements about the Milky Way Galaxy is false ? ⬜ a) It contains over 100 billion stars ⬜ b) Our view (from Earth) of distant objects is obscured by gas and dust when we look into the galactic plane. ⬜ c) The galaxy is about 100,000 light-years in diameter. ⬜ d) One rotation of the Sun around the galaxy takes about 230 million years. ✅ e) All the above statements are actually true!

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 2 1 point A hotter blackbody object, compared to a cooler one of the same size, will emit: ✅ a) a higher intensity at all wavelengths, and will peak in intensity at a shorter wavelength ⬜ b) a higher intensity at all wavelengths, and will peak in intensity at a lower frequency ⬜ c) whiter light that peaks more to the center of the visible spectrum ⬜ d) a higher intensity at high wavelengths, and a lower intensity at low wavelengths ⬜ e) a lower intensity at all wavelengths, and a redder light that peaks more more towards the infrared Question 3 1 point Hubble's constant is reported to be 72 km/s/Mpc which corresponds to the age of the universe to be 13.7 billion years old. If a new measurement claims that the Hubble constant is about 144 km/sec/Mpc and not 72 km/sec/Mpc, then how old is the universe with this new Hubble constant? ✅ a) 6.85 billion years old ⬜ b) 53.6 billion years old ⬜ c) 3.43 billion years old ⬜ d) 27.4 billion years old ⬜ e) Still 13.7 billion years old Question 4 1 point In the image below we see the spectra of two stars labelled A and B. How are these two stars moving relative to Earth? Note, a reference spectrum is not provided here. ⬜ a) Star A is moving towards Earth and Star B is moving away from Earth ⬜ b) Star B is moving towards Earth and Star A is moving away from Earth ⬜ c) Both stars are moving away from Earth ⬜ d) Both stars are moving towards Earth ✅ e) Nothing about the motion can be concluded with the given data. Question 5 1 point If you were standing just North of the Equator, where would you have to look to find Polaris? ⬜ a) About half way between your horizon and directly overhead ⬜ b) Towards the East ✅ c) On your horizon, facing North ⬜ d) Directly overhead ⬜ e) Towards the West

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 6 1 point Which of the following statements is false ? ⬜ a) One key difference between a planet and star is that a star shines by nuclear fusion ⬜ b) Planets must orbit a star, they cannot orbit another planet ⬜ c) The farther (in distance) we look out into space, the farther back we look in time ⬜ d) A nebula is a cloud of dust and gas where stars form ✅ e) All statements above are actually true! Question 7 1 point If we viewed the night sky in a few hundred years from now, the pattern of stars that form the constellations would pretty much look the same as they do now. Why? ✅ a) The stars in our sky actually move relative to us but are so far away that it takes a long time for this motion to make a noticeable change in the patterns in the sky. ⬜ b) Stars within a constellation move together as a group, which tends to hide their actual motion and prevent the pattern from changing. ⬜ c) Although most stars move through the sky, the brightest stars do not, and these are the ones that trace the patterns we see in the constellations. ⬜ d) Stars are fixed and never move, so the patterns they make in the sky always remain the same. Question 8 1 point What can we say about an object in space that emits mainly infrared radiation? ⬜ a) We would not be able to observe it without going to deep space, because no infrared radiation can penetrate our atmosphere at all ⬜ b) It could be cold and large, or very hot and small, and there's no real way to tell the difference ⬜ c) We would be able to observe it with our naked eyes, and it would probably appear to be a dim green colour ✅ d) It would be relatively close to the temperature of a human being, since our bodies also emit infrared radiation ⬜ e) It would have to be extremely far from us, and it would have to be extremely large Question 9 1 point A star with a temperature of 6500 K peaks at what frequency ? Hint : You may require two steps to answer this question. ✅ a) 6.73 x 10 14 Hz ⬜ b) 4.46 x 10 −7 m ⬜ c) 134 Hz ⬜ d) 1.49 x 10 −15 Hz ⬜ e) 1.59 x 10 7 m Question 10 1 point Consider the widely separated galaxies in an expanding universe in the image below. Imagine that you are located in Galaxy A and observe that galaxies are moving away from you with recession velocity in order from smallest to largest as, B, D, E and C. [ v(B) < v(D) < v(E) < v(C) ] , according to the Hubble Law. If you ask an observer in Galaxy C how others galaxies appear to move, what would they say?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ a) v(A) < v(D) < v(B) < v(E) ⬜ b) v(E) < v(B) < v(D) = v(A) ⬜ c) v(B) < v(E) < v(D) < v(A) ✅ d) v(E) < v(B) < v(D) < v(A) ⬜ e) v(B) < v(E) < v(A) < v(D) Question 11 1 point Even though the Hubble Law for galactic motions indicates that the spectra of all galaxies should show a redshift as a consequence of general expansion of the universe, the nearby Andromeda galaxy appears to show a blueshift in its spectrum. Why is this? ⬜ a) Young giant spiral galaxies such as Andromeda, do not obey the normal Hubble Law because they have formed relatively recently. ✅ b) The mutual gravitational attraction between Andromeda and the Milky Way galaxy gas overcome the general expansion. ⬜ c) Andromeda has a massive black hole at its center which gravitationally blueshifts its entire spectrum ⬜ d) One side of Andromeda is heavily obscured by dust and gas and the blueshift simply shows the Doppler shift of the other side of the galaxy, produced by galactic rotation. ⬜ e) Dark Matter is shortening the wavelengths of light emitted by Andromeda. Question 12 1 point The Sun appears to rise and set in our sky because _____________, and you are one year older each time _____________. ✅ a) Earth rotates on its axis; Earth completes one orbit of the Sun ⬜ b) the Sun rotates on its axis; Earth completes one orbit of the Sun ⬜ c) Earth rotates on its axis; the Sun completes one rotation on its axis ⬜ d) the Sun moves across the orbit of Earth; the Sun completes one rotation on its axis ⬜ e) Earth’s rotational axis is tilted, Earth completes one rotation on its axis Question 13 1 point What's wrong with this statement: "The Spiral galaxy named NGD21X5 is located 1,000

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! lightyears away from Earth" ⬜ a) All galaxies have been discovered and accounted for in the universe. ✅ b) 1,000 lightyears is too close to Earth for another galaxy to exist. ⬜ c) Spiral galaxies are old, making this statement false ⬜ d) The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, and spiral galaxies do not exist next to one another ⬜ e) There is nothing wrong with the statement; it is perfectly valid. Question 14 1 point Which of the following is true about light waves? ⬜ a) A wave with a higher frequency will have a lower energy but a higher speed ⬜ b) A wave with a higher speed will have a larger wavelength and higher frequency ⬜ c) All light waves have the same energy, but different wavelengths ⬜ d) A wave with a higher speed will have a higher energy and a smaller wavelength ✅ e) A wave with a higher frequency will have a smaller wavelength but the same speed Question 15 1 point Stars rise earlier on successive nights. What is it about Earth that causes this? ⬜ a) Earth's rotation about its axis ✅ b) Earth's orbit around the Sun ⬜ c) Earth's tilt ⬜ d) Earth's atmosphere ⬜ e) I really have no clue, please go ahead an mark this question wrong Question 16 1 point The following lists people who live in the Northern Hemisphere along with their geographic latitudes. Who would see the most number of circumpolar stars? Note: The equator is considered 0 degrees latitude. ⬜ a) Jamie: 15 degrees North latitude ⬜ b) Emma: 25 degrees North latitude ⬜ c) Bill: 32 degrees North latitude ✅ d) Naomi: 45 degrees North latitude ⬜ e) All of the above people would see the same number of circumpolar stars since they are all located in the Northern Hemisphere. Question 17 1 point If we could see our own galaxy from 3 million light-years away, it would appear ✅ a) to be a flattened disk with a central bulge and spiral arms. ⬜ b) to fill the sky with widely spaced stars. ⬜ c) indistinguishable amongst thousands of other galaxies in the sky ⬜ d) as a faintly glowing band of light stretching all the way around the sky. ⬜ e) like a single, dim star. Question 18 1 point What causes the cosmological redshift of light that reaches us from distant galaxies? ✅ a) The light has travelled across space that has been expanding and its

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! wavelengths have expanded with it, becoming redder. ⬜ b) The light was emitted by objects that were moving rapidly towards us, and thereby have been reddened by the Doppler effect. ⬜ c) The light was emitted at the moment of the Big Bang, therefore appearing red. ⬜ d) The light waves were emitted from the galaxies much earlier in time when the overall temperature of matter was much lower. Hence, the observed light is redder, the farther away from Earth that they were produced. ⬜ e) The light wave has moved from high gravitational field regions toward lower fields, thereby becoming reddened. Question 19 1 point We are able to see constellations in the sky on a clear night without the help of a telescope. Do the constellations we see at night depend on where we are on the Earth? ⬜ a) No, because in the Southern Hemisphere stars rise in the West and set in the East ⬜ b) No, because all stars rise in the East and set in the West. ⬜ c) No, because the Earth spins on its axis. ✅ d) Yes, because we can't see through the planet's surface, and so only a limited amount of the sky is viewable from any one latitude on the Earth. ⬜ e) Yes, because when it is daytime here, it is night on the other side of the planet, so people on the same latitude can see two different sets of stars. Question 20 1 point The number ______ equals _____ . ✅ a) 3 x 10 −6 m;0.000003 m ⬜ b) 5 x 10 3 m; 500 m ⬜ c) 2 x 10 −1 m; 0.02 m ⬜ d) 4 x 10 −9 m; 4000000000 m ⬜ e) 6 x 10 6 m; 600000 m Question 21 1 point How do gamma rays compare to radio waves? ⬜ a) Gamma rays have higher frequency and lower energy than radio waves ⬜ b) Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation while radio waves are related to sound ✅ c) Gamma rays have smaller wavelength and higher energy than radio waves ⬜ d) Gamma rays have higher energy and bigger wavelength than radio waves ⬜ e) Gamma rays are faster than radio waves Question 22 1 point Blackbody curves of four stars are shown below, all with identical axes and scales. Which two stars are hotter? Which two stars look blue? Between two stars listed, which star is larger ? ⬜ a) B and D are hotter; A and C look blue-violet;

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! A is larger than D ✅ b) A and C are hotter; A and C look blue-violet; B is larger than D ⬜ c) A and B are hotter; A and B look blue-violet; A is larger than C ⬜ d) A and B are hotter; C and D look blue-violet; B is larger than D ⬜ e) A and C are hotter; B and D look blue-violet; A is larger than C Question 23 1 point The figure below shows the motion of five distant stars (A - E) relative to a stationary observer (telescope). The speed and direction of each star is indicated by the length and direction of the arrows shown. What is the correct ranking of the Doppler shift of the light observed from each star (A – E) from greatest “redshift”, through no shift, to greatest “blueshift”? ✅ a) A > C > B > D > E ⬜ b) A > B > C > D > E ⬜ c) C > A > B > E > D ⬜ d) A > C > D > E > B ⬜ e) E > D > B > C > A Question 24 1 point What does the cosmological principal say about where something is in space? ✅ a) Space looks approximately the same in all directions no matter where you are in space. ⬜ b) Every region of space is unique. ⬜ c) The universe does not change with time, no matter where you are in space. ⬜ d) Galaxies are all moving away from the same point. ⬜ e) The Milky Way galaxy must be at the center of the universe since we are observing from inside it. Question 25 1 point What type of universe are we in if there is enough matter so that gravity halts expansion and the universe re-collapses, and perhaps, even bounces to repeat the process? ⬜ a) Accelerating

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ✅ b) Closed ⬜ c) Open ⬜ d) Cosmological ⬜ e) Critical Question 26 1 point We receive light signals from two stars on the exact same day . Star A is located 12 light-years away from us and Star B is located 30 light-years away from us. Which of the following statements is correct? ⬜ a) The signal from star A was sent first, but both travelled for the same amount of time ⬜ b) The signals were sent at the same time, but the signal from Star B travelled fastest ⬜ c) The signals were sent at the same time, but the signal from star A travelled fastest ⬜ d) The signal from star A was sent first, and the signal from star B travelled for the longest time ✅ e) The signal from star B was sent first, and the signal from star B travelled for the longest time Question 27 1 point An _____ galaxy has ___________ spiral arms and _________________________________. ⬜ a) SBa; loosely wound; has a distinct bar region along the center ⬜ b) Sc; tightly wound; has no distinct bar region ✅ c) SBc; loosely wound; has a distinct bar region along the center ⬜ d) E6; no; very near circular in shape ⬜ e) E2; tightly wound; is nearly circular in shape Question 28 1 point How should this galaxy be classified according to Hubble's Tuning Fork classification system?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ a) E1 ⬜ b) E7 ⬜ c) Sc ✅ d) SBa ⬜ e) Irr Question 29 1 point This is a blackbody spectral curve of a star. Using this curve, determine the approximate surface temperature of this star. Choose the closest answer. ⬜ a) 6000 K ⬜ b) 2.9 x 10 −9 K ⬜ c) 3.1 K

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ✅ d) 2700 K ⬜ e) 3 x 10 −6 K Question 30 1 point The central object in the Celestial Sphere model is the ________ and the nightly motion of stars in sky is caused by ____________________________ . ⬜ a) Earth; Earth's rotation on its axis ⬜ b) Earth; stars moving around the celestial sphere ⬜ c) Sun; Earth's rotation on its axis ✅ d) Earth; Earth's orbit around the Sun ⬜ e) Sun; Earth's orbit around the Sun Quiz 6 Part A: Navigating the H-R Diagram Consider this H-R diagram for the questions that follow. For each star listed in the questions of this section, identify the Spectral Class (O, B, A, F, G, K, M) and the Type of Star (Main Sequence "MS", Red Giant "RG", or White Dwarf "WD"). [Blank 1] = Spectral Class (answer O, B, A, F, G, K, or M) [Blank 2] = Star Type (answer MS, RG, or WD) Question 1 1 point Sun G MS Question 2 1 point Sirius B O WD

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 3 1 point Betelgeuse M RG Question 4 1 point Spica O MS Question 5 1 point Antares M RG Part B: True/False Question 6 1 point Stars of the same temperature have the same spectral type . ✅ True ⬜ False Question 7 1 point If two stars have the same brightness , they necessarily have the same temperature . ⬜ True ✅ False Question 8 1 point A Main Sequence star’s mass increases as its luminosity and temperature increase ✅ True ⬜ False Question 9 1 point In an H-R diagram, the bright blue-white stars are found at the top left. ✅ True ⬜ False Part C: Ranking Task 1 On the H-R diagram below, the numbers represent stars in various stages of their evolution. Note: Stars 2, 3, and 4 lie on the main sequence.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 9 2 points List the numbers in order that would be the correct evolutionary path of a low-mass star like our Sun. Answer by just listing the numbers in the correct ranking order 4, 5, 1 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 Part D - Ranking Task 2 The figure shows 5 different Main Sequence stars. Question 10 2 points Rank, from hottest to coolest, the temperature of the stars. [1=Hottest...5=Coolest] 4 4⃣ B

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! 5 5⃣ E 1 1⃣ C 2 2⃣ A 3 3⃣ D Question 11 2 points Rank, from longest to shortest, the total main sequence lifetime of the stars. [1=Longest lifetime...5=Shortest lifetime] 2 2⃣ B 5 5⃣ C 1 1⃣ E 4 4⃣ A 3 3⃣ D Part E: Multiple Choice Question 12 1 point You observe two stars which you label X and Y. You collect enough data on X and Y to plot them on an H-R Diagram. You discover that both stars are main sequence stars and star X is nearly ten times brighter than star Y. What do you conclude from this? ⬜ X and Y have the same spectral types ⬜ Y is shorter-lived than star X ⬜ X is farther away than Y ⬜ Y is farther away than X ✅ X is shorter-lived than star Y Question 13 1 point Giant stars are more rare than main sequence stars because ⬜ giant stars only form from stars similar to our Sun. ✅ the main sequence stage is longer than the red giant stage. ⬜ main sequence stars can range in mass, whereas giant stars are all huge. ⬜ giant stars do not have nuclear fusion reactions occurring in their cores. ⬜ giant stars are at great distances away, whereas main sequence stars are closer. Question 14 1 point What do all main sequence stars have in common?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ they all have the same mass ⬜ they all have the same spectral type ✅ they all fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores ⬜ they all have the same absolute magnitude ⬜ they all have the same luminosity Question 15 (1 point) The correct past , present and future sequence of stages in the life of the Sun is: ⬜ Protostar, main sequence star, planetary nebula, red giant, supernova. ⬜ Protostar, main sequence star, red supergiant, supernova, white dwarf ✅ Protostar, main sequence star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf. ⬜ Protostar, main sequence star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, supernova ⬜ Protostar, main sequence star, planetary nebula, red giant, white dwarf. Question 16 1 point What happens when a main sequence star first runs out of hydrogen in its core? ⬜ The core immediately begins to fuse helium into carbon ⬜ The star sheds its outer layers forming a planetary nebula ⬜ The star collapses and explodes as a supernova ✅ The core shrinks while the rest of the star expands ⬜ The entire star shrinks to a size comparable to Earth’s size Part F: Star Comparisons The following chart lists 6 stars along with their Brightness (luminosity compared to that of our Sun) and Spectral class. Answer the remaining questions by referring to this chart. Question 17 1 point Which star is most likely a very hot main sequence star? ⬜ 1 ✅ 2 ⬜ 3

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ 4 ⬜ 5 ⬜ 6 Question 18 1 point Which star is most likely a Red Giant? ⬜ 1 ⬜ 2 ⬜ 3 ⬜ 4 ✅ 5 ⬜ 6 Question 19 1 point Which star is most likely a White Dwarf? ✅ 1 ⬜ 2 ⬜ 3 ⬜ 4 ⬜ 5 ⬜ 6 Question 20 1 point Which star is most likely a very cool Main Sequence star? ⬜ 1 ⬜ 2 ⬜ 3 ⬜ 4 ⬜ 5 ✅ 6 Quiz 7 Question 1 1 point The basic evolutionary sequence of a star that is about 20 times the mass of the Sun could be: ✅ protostar, main sequence, red supergiant, supernova, neutron star ⬜ protostar, main sequence, red supergiant, planetary nebula, white dwarf ⬜ red giant, protostar, white dwarf, planetary nebula, main sequence ⬜ main sequence, red supergiant, planetary nebula, supernova, protostar ⬜ protostar, planetary nebula, red supergiant, main sequence, white dwarf Question 2 1 point The difference between a Type I Supernova and a Type II Supernova is that a Type I supernova _______ and occurs with _______ stars, whereas a Type II Supernova solely occurs with

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ________ stars. ⬜ requires a companion star; high-mass; high-mass ⬜ does not require a companion star; high-mass; high-mass ✅ requires a companion star; low-mass; high-mass ⬜ does not require a companion star; low-mass; high-mass ⬜ requires a companion star; low-mass; low-mass Question 3 1 point Which of the following statements is not true for a Type II Supernova explosion? ✅ The star is in balance between gravity and thermal pressure. ⬜ Material that later formed the earth and human beings was distributed between the stars. ⬜ It is the final stage of the evolution of a massive star. ⬜ Matter is ejected so violently that it marks one of the largest explosions in the universe. ⬜ The star may shine as brightly as billions of stars. Question 4 1 point A _______ supernova can have, as a remnant, a _______ which has a mass of _______ M ʘ (> = greater than; < = less than) ✅ Type II; Black Hole singularity ; > 3 ⬜ Type I; White Dwarf; < 3 ⬜ Type II; Black Hole singularity; < 1.4 ⬜ Type II; Neutron Star; > 3 ⬜ Type I; Black Hole singularity; < 1.4 Question 5 1 point The following question refers to the H-R diagram below that shows the life track of a 1-solar- mass star, with various stages labeled with Roman numerals. Which of the following stages lasts the longest? (Note: The diagonal line in the graph is the main sequence) ⬜ i ⬜ ii ✅ iii ⬜ iv ⬜ v ⬜ vi

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ vii ⬜ viii Part B: Matching Question 6 10 points Match the stellar evolution stage with its correct description. 123456789? 5 5⃣ The outer layers shed away from a low-mass star at the end of its life. 9 9⃣ One of the end stages of a Type II supernova explosion. Its mass is between 1.4 and 3 solar masses. 8 8⃣ Giant explosion that results when a massive star exhausts its supply of fuel 7 7⃣ Giant explosion that results when a white dwarf "steals" material from a companion star. 6 6⃣ Largest known type of star. Accumulates a dense core of iron atoms. 3 3⃣ Outer layers of a low-mass star expand outward, increasing the size of the star. 1 1⃣ Big cloud of dust and gas. Birthplace of stars. 4 4⃣ Very dense, hot star that is mostly made of carbon. 2 2⃣ Star fuses hydrogen to helium in its core. ? Regions of space where so much mass is concentrated that nothing can escape 1. Nebula 2. Main Sequence Star 3. Red Giant 4. White Dwarf 5. Planetary Nebula 6. Red Supergiant 7. Supernova Type I 8. Supernova Type II 9. Neutron Star 10. Black Hole Part C: Thinking/Inquiry Take a look at the following chart which shows the lifetimes of stars of different masses. Answer the questions that follow.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 7 1 point Which live longer: High-mass stars or Low-mass stars? ⬜ High-mass stars ✅ Low-mass stars Question 8 1 point The answer to the previous question regards the rate at which nuclear fusion occurs in a star. Is the rate of nuclear fusion in a high-mass star greater than , less than or equal to the rate of nuclear fusion in a low-mass star? ✅ Greater than... ⬜ Less than... ⬜ Equal to... Question 9 1 point How does the lifetime of our Sun (low-mass star), compare with the lifetime of a star 5 times as massive? ⬜ The Sun will live half as long as a star that is 5 times as massive. ⬜ The Sun will live 2 times longer than a star that is 5 times as massive. ⬜ The Sun will live just as long than a star that is 5 times as massive. ⬜ The Sun will live 5 times longer than a star that is 5 times as massive. ✅ The Sun will live more than 5 times longer than a star that is 5 times as massive. Part D: Case Study [Adapted from Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy, 1st Ed., Adams, Prather, Slater (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005)] Imagine that the four stars listed below all became Main Sequence (MS) stars at exactly the same time 10 billion years ago but in different locations of the universe. Oliver Star is an O spectral class star with a total lifetime of 3 million years. Its life will

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! eventually end as a Type II Supernova and become a black hole. Oliver is located in a galaxy 12 billion light years (ly) from Earth. Katie Star is a K spectral class star having a total lifetime of 30 billion years. Its life will eventually end as a slowly cooling white dwarf. Katie is located in the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of 12,000 ly from Earth. Ferdinand Star is an F spectral class star that is part of a binary star system having a total lifetime of 5 billion years. Its life will eventually end as a Type 1 supernova that completely destroys itself. Ferdinand is located in a galaxy 6 billion ly from Earth. Becky Star is a B spectral class star having a total lifetime of 20 million years. Its life will eventually end as a SN Type II and become a neutron star. Becky is located in the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of 30,000 ly from Earth. Question 10 2 points Rank the stars (from first to last) based on when they reach(ed) their final end state of life. [1=First...4=Last] 1234 1⃣2⃣3⃣4⃣ 2 2⃣ Becky Star 4 4⃣ Katie Star 1 1⃣ Oliver Star 3 3⃣ Ferdinand Star Question 11 2 points Rank the stars (from first to last) based on when an observer on Earth would see their final end states. [1=First...4=Last] 2 2⃣ Ferdinand Star 3 3⃣ Oliver Star 1 1⃣ Becky Star 4 4⃣ Katie Star Question 12 2 points Rank the stars (from first to last) based on when the initial cloud started its collapse to form the star on the main sequence. [1=first...4=last] 1 1⃣ Katie Star 3 3⃣ Becky Star 2 2⃣ Ferdinand Star

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! 4 4⃣ Oliver Star Question 13 1 point Is the star with the longest total lifetime also the farthest away from Earth? Answer Yes or No . No Quiz 8 Question 1 1 point The Schwarzschild radius is the distance from the singularity of a black hole to the event horizon. What is the event horizon? ⬜ The stream of X-rays emitted by a black hole ⬜ The region of space just outside the black hole ✅ The outer edge of a black hole where the escape velocity is the speed of light. ⬜ The center of a black hole. ⬜ The region of space inside a black hole Question 2 1 point Why are black holes called "black holes"? ⬜ They are empty regions of space where no matter exists. ✅ Nothing, not even electromagnetic radiation, can escape from inside them. ⬜ They emit an electromagnetic spectrum which matches that of a perfect blackbody. ⬜ Only non-visible radiation (X-rays) can escape from them. ⬜ They are always surrounded by an accretion disk which absorbs all light escaping from the inside of the black hole. Question 3 1 point Which of the following is biggest in size (diameter)? ⬜ A white dwarf ⬜ A red main sequence star ⬜ A stellar black hole singularity ⬜ A pulsar ✅ A blue main sequence star Question 4 1 point The event that marks the end of a star's evolutionary life before becoming a white dwarf is ✅ a planetary nebula ⬜ a nova ⬜ a Type I supernova ⬜ the depletion of hydrogen in the core ⬜ a helium flash

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 5 1 point What prevents a white dwarf from completely collapsing upon itself? ⬜ nuclear fusion in the core ⬜ gravity ✅ tightly packed electrons ⬜ tightly packed neutrons ⬜ tightly packed protons Question 6 1 point A neutron star is about the same size as ✅ a big city ⬜ a school bus ⬜ a White Dwarf ⬜ the moon ⬜ the Earth Question 7 1 point What would happen to a person standing on the surface of a Neutron star? ✅ They would be crushed to the surface because of its immense gravity ⬜ Nothing; they could walk around as they do on Earth. ⬜ They would float away Question 8 1 point The best place to search for black holes is in a region of space that ⬜ is dark and empty. ✅ has strong X-Ray emission. ⬜ is cooler than its surroundings. ⬜ is crowded with stars. ⬜ has recently lost some stars. Question 9 1 point Pulsars usually show ALL of the following except ⬜ extremely rapid rotation. ⬜ an intense magnetic field. ⬜ a narrow regular pulse of radiation. ✅ high temperature fusion reactions. ⬜ high speed motion through the Galaxy. Question 9 1 point What explanation does Einstein's general relativity provide for gravity that is different than what we've already seen with gravity (as an attractive force between all objects)?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Gravity is directly related to radius of an object ⬜ Gravity is directly related to mass of an object ⬜ Gravity is the weakest of all forces ✅ Gravity is a result of curved spacetime. Question 10 1 point At the event horizon of a black hole, time stops (as seen by an outside observer). ✅ True ⬜ False Question 11 1 point Neutron stars and black holes are formed by: ✅ Type II Supernovae ⬜ novae ⬜ binary systems ⬜ Type I Supernovae ⬜ electron degeneracy pressure Question 12 1 point You accidentally drop a probe (complete with running lights and a visible clock) near a black hole, and watch it fall in. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about what you would see? ⬜ The probe’s clock would appear to slow down ⬜ The probe would start to heat up, eventually emitting X-ray radiation. ⬜ The lights on the probe would appear to change color, becoming redder ✅ Once inside the event horizon, you would see the probe stretched into a long strand of atoms – it would appear Spaghettified ⬜ The probe would start to get stretched by tidal forces. Question 13 1 point The central object in a _______is approximately the size of _______ and shines by _______ . ⬜ neutron star; the Sun; nuclear fusion ⬜ black hole; a city; remnant heat ✅ planetary nebula; the Earth; remnant heat ⬜ black hole; the Sun; nuclear fusion ⬜ planetary nebula; a city; remnant heat Question 14 1 point How do we know what happens at the event horizon of a black hole?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ✅ We don't know for sure: we only know what to expect based on the predictions of general relativity. ⬜ Astronomers have analyzed the light from matter within the event horizon of many black holes. ⬜ Astronomers have detected X rays from just inside the black holes’ event horizons. ⬜ Astronomers have sent spacecraft through the event horizon of a nearby black hole. ⬜ Physicists have created miniature black holes in the lab. Part B: Ordering Question 15 10 points Listed below are several astronomical objects. Indicate the correct ranking for the size (diameter) of these objects, from largest to smallest? [1=Largest...10=Smallest] 123456789? 1 1⃣ Milky Way galaxy 6.68 x 10 9 AU 2 2⃣ The Solar System 79 AU 3 3⃣ -> 4 4⃣ Red Giant 1.861 AU 4 4⃣ -> 3 3⃣ Supermassive Black Hole Sagittarius A* 0.294 AU 5 5⃣ The Sun 0.009 AU 6 6⃣ Jupiter 8.938 x 10 -4 AU 7 7⃣ White Dwarf 8.517 x 10 -5 AU 8 8⃣ The Moon 2.322 x 10 -5 AU 9 9⃣ Neutron Star 1.474 x 10 -7 AU ? Black Hole Singularity Tiny boi :3 Note: Supermassive Black Hole Sagittarius A* is actually smaller than a Red Giant but for some reason in the quiz the order is swapped. Quiz 9 Question 1 1 point Where did most of the elements in the Solar System come from? ⬜ They were manufactured during the Big Bang ⬜ They were made in the Sun ✅ They came from previous generations of stars ⬜ They have always existed Question 2 1 point Which of the four terrestrial planets is the hottest? ⬜ Mars

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ Mercury ⬜ Earth ✅ Venus Question 3 1 point Based on what you have learned about the formation of our solar system, which of the following statements is probably NOT true? ⬜ Planets orbiting extrasolar stars will likely have moons. ⬜ Other solar systems will also have planets in the two basic categories of terrestrial and gas giants. ✅ Only a tiny percentage of stars are surrounded by spinning disks of gas during their formation. Question 4 1 point If a massive asteroid were to hit the Earth, it will still not be safe on the opposite side of Earth from where the asteroid strikes. Why? ⬜ The impact will cause the Earth to shift out of its orbit around the Sun, causing everything to freeze over ⬜ The impact will cause Earthquakes all over the world destroying everything ⬜ The heat from the asteroid will incinerate everything on Earth (even on the opposite side). ✅ Dust and debris from the impact will make it to the opposite side of Earth destroying everything there too. Question 5 1 point Which of the following best describes why the Moon goes through phases? ⬜ Earth’s clouds cover potions of the Moon at various times resulting in the changing phases that we see. ⬜ Earth's shadow falls on different parts of the Moon at different times. ⬜ The sunlight reflected from Earth lights up the Moon but is less effective when the Moon is lower in the sky than when it is higher in the sky. ✅ We see only part of the lit-up half of the Moon depending on its position relative to Earth and the Sun. ⬜ The Moon is somewhat flattened and disk-like, and appears more or less round depending on the precise angle from which we see it. Question 6 1 point Which Moon position (A-E), shown in the diagram at right (where you are looking down on the north pole of Earth), best corresponds with the moon phase shown on the left? (Note that the drawing is not to scale for the sizes and distances of objects.)

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ✅ A ⬜ B ⬜ C ⬜ D ⬜ E Part B: Observing the Moon Use the following diagram of the moon orbiting the Earth to answer the upcoming matching questions. Note: The diagram is not to scale.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 7 5 points Match the corresponding moon phase with the correct position of the moon shown in the diagram above in Part B. 1 1⃣ 2 2⃣

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! 1. A 2. B 3 3⃣ 3. C 4. D 5. E 4 4⃣ 5 5⃣ Question 8 3 points The figure below shows a “top view” of the Sun, Earth and six different positions (A - F) of the Moon during one orbit of Earth. Rank (from greatest to least) the amount of the Moon’s illuminated surface that is visible from Earth at each of the six positions (A – F) shown. If any are equal, label with the same number ranking - and in this case, do not skip any numbers . Note that the figure is not drawn to scale. [1=Greatest...6=Least]

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! 1 1⃣ A 2 2⃣ F 3 3⃣ E 3 3⃣ B 4 4⃣ C 5 5⃣ D Question 9 1 point During the full moon phase, how much of the Moon’s surface is being illuminated by sunlight? Just state a numerical answer using a decimal or fraction. 0.5 Question 10 1 point What would happen if the Earth radiate less energy than it took from the Sun? ✅ The Earth’s temperature would increase ⬜ The Earth’s temperature would decrease ⬜ Nothing; the Earth’s temperature would stay the same Absorption of Light Through our Atmosphere The temperature of the surface of our planet is affected primarily by the energy we receive from the Sun that is able to reach Earth’s surface. However, light’s ability to penetrate all the way through our atmosphere and reach the ground depends upon its wavelength. The figure below shows that certain wavelengths of light are absorbed in our atmosphere before they can travel all the way to the surface of Earth.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 11 3 points Light is absorbed at each of the following wavelengths (a micron is a millionth of a meter). For each, list the molecule in the atmosphere that is responsible for this absorption. Subscript numbers can be written as normal text (without subscripts) 1.4 Microns H2O 2.7 Microns CO2 9 Microns O3 Question 12 1 point Roughly what percentage of ultraviolet light (between 0.1-0.3 microns) is absorbed before reaching Earth’s surface? 100 Question 13 1 point Comparing the Visible and the Infrared parts of the spectrum, which would you say has an easier time getting through our atmosphere? ⬜ Infrared ✅ Visible Question 14 1 point Once visible light from the Sun reaches the surface of Earth, it can either be reflected back towards space as visible light or be absorbed by the ground. This absorbed visible light causes the temperature of the surface to increase. The ground then gives off energy based upon its increased temperature. Which of the diagrams (A, B, or C) below most accurately represent the energy given off by the Earth’s surface as a function of wavelength?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ A go ⬜ B ⬜ C Question 15 1 point What happens to the temperature of the atmosphere as molecules absorb light from either the Sun or from Earth’s surface? ⬜ Increases ⬜ Decreases ⬜ Stays the same Question 16 1 point This graph shows the change in temperature of the Earth with the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. By what amount did carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere increase between 1960 and 2000? Note: “ppm” means “parts per million”

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ✅ About 40 - 60 ppm ⬜ About 360 - 370 ppm ⬜ About 60 - 70 ppm ⬜ About 110 - 120 ppm Question 17 1 point What type of waves get trapped inside the greenhouse? ✅ Infrared ⬜ Visible ⬜ Microwaves ⬜ Ultraviolet ⬜ X-Rays Quiz 10 Question 1 1 point Which planet has the most moons? ⬜ Venus ⬜ Uranus ⬜ Mercury ⬜ Mars ⬜ Jupiter ✅ Saturn ⬜ Earth ⬜ Neptune Question 2 1 point What major gases are found in the gas giant planets? ⬜ Hydrogen only ⬜ Hydrogen, Helium and Carbon Dioxide ⬜ Helium only ⬜ Carbon Dioxide ✅ Hydrogen and Helium Question 3 1 point From Earth, we have sent many spacecraft to other planets. Below is a list of planets now visited by at least one spacecraft. For which planets listed below must the spacecraft(s) travel through the asteroid belt in order to arrive at their targeted planet(s)? ⬜ Mars ⬜ Venus, Mars ⬜ Mercury ⬜ Venus, Mercury, Mars ✅ Saturn

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Part B: The Seasons [Adapted from Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy, 1st Ed., Adams, Prather, Slater (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005)] In each figure below a flashlight is shown projecting identical beams of light onto pieces of paper (A – D) inclined at various angles. Question 4 2 points Rank the size of the illuminated area (from largest to smallest) on each piece of paper (A – D). [1=Largest .... 4=Smallest] 1234 1⃣2⃣3⃣4⃣ 3 3⃣ A 2 2⃣ B 4 4⃣ C 1 1⃣ D Question 5 2 points Imagine that you placed a very sensitive thermometer against the illuminated area of each piece of paper and measured its temperature. Rank the temperature (from hottest to coolest) of each illuminated area (A – D). [1=Hottest...4=Coolest] 2 2⃣ A

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! 3 3⃣ B 1 1⃣ C 4 4⃣ D Question 4 1 point Which lettered position (a-e), in the image below, best represents the location on Earth that corresponds with winte r in the Southern Hemisphere ? ⬜ a ✅ b ⬜ c ⬜ d ⬜ e Amount of Light on Earth In the figure below parallel beams of sunlight are projected through equal sized cutouts of a screen and then strike a spherical globe at locations A - D. Note that A and C are at the same “latitude” on the globe. Question 6 2 points Imagine that you placed very sensitive thermometers against each illuminated area on the globe and measured its temperature. Rank the temperature (from hottest to coolest) of each illuminated area (A – D).

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! [1=Hottest...4=Coolest] *If any are equal, rank them with the same number; then continue to use the next ranking number for the next position on the globe (so you may not need to use all the available ranking numbers). 2 2⃣ A 1 1⃣ B 2 2⃣ C 3 3⃣ D Earth's Seasons Now consider the drawing shown below illustrating three different regions of Earth (the Northern Hemisphere , the Southern Hemisphere and the equatorial region ) at two different times of the year, 6 months apart. Question 7 1 point Which location(s) (1-6) corresponds with Summer in the Northern Hemisphere? ⬜ 1 ⬜ 2 ⬜ 3 ✅ 4 ⬜ 5 ⬜ 6 Question 8 1 point Which location(s) (1-6) corresponds with Winter in the Southern Hemisphere? ⬜ 1 ⬜ 2 ⬜ 3 ⬜ 4 ⬜ 5 ✅ 6 Question 9 1 point During which season is the Sun highest in the sky at noon?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Answer "Summer" , "Winter" , "Spring" or "Fall" without the quotes Summer Question 10 1 point During which season is the number of daylight hours the greatest? Answer "Summer" , "Winter" , "Spring" or "Fall" without the quotes Summer Question 11 1 point If Earth were tilted 90 o , which location below would be warmer in Summer: ✅ Arctic Circle ⬜ Florida Part C: Temperature and Formation of the Solar System Consider the information provided in the graph and table below. The graph shows the temperature (expressed in Kelvin) at different distances from the Sun (expressed in astronomical units or AU) in the solar system during the time when the planets were originally forming. The table provides some common temperatures to use for comparison.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 12 2 points Select which planets formed at temperatures hotter than the boiling point of water? ✅ Mercury ✅ Venus ✅ Earth ✅ Mars ⬜ Jupiter ⬜ Saturn ⬜ Uranus ⬜ Neptune Question 13 2 points Which planets formed at temperatures cooler than the freezing point of water? ⬜ Mercury ⬜ Venus ⬜ Earth ⬜ Mars ✅ Jupiter ✅ Saturn ✅ Uranus ✅ Neptune Question 14 1 point At temperatures hotter than the freezing point of water, light gases, like hydrogen and helium, likely had too much energy to condense together to form the large, gas-giant, Jovian planets. Over what range of distances from the Sun would you expect to find light gases, like hydrogen and helium, collecting together to form a Gas Giant planet? Answer this way (without the quotes) "Greater than ___ AU" HINT: Jupiter is the FIRST gas Giant from the Sun… Greater than 5.0 AU Question 15 1 point Over what range of distances from the Sun would you expect to find only solid, rocky material

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! collecting together to form a terrestrial planet? Answer this way (without the quotes): "Less than ___ AU" Hint: Anything before Jupiter is rocky… Less than 5.0 AU Question 16 1 point Is it likely that a large, Jovian planet would have formed at the location of Mercury? Answer Yes or No No Question 17 1 point Astronomers have discovered massive gas giant planets like Jupiter orbiting their stars in other solar systems at closer than 0.7 AU (about the distance of Venus’s orbit). Why don’t astronomers believe that these gas giant planets originally formed at these locations? ⬜ Their orbital periods are too long for them to be located that close to their companion stars. ⬜ There were too many terrestrial planets already formed at these distances – too crowded. ⬜ Planetesimals could not have collided and clumped together to form protoplanets this close to a star. ⬜ The planets’ gravity would have been too large to form that close to the star. ✅ The temperature in the early solar system was too high at these distances. Quiz 11 Question 1 1 point Which of the following is NOT a way to detect the existence of an extrasolar planet? ⬜ We look for the position of a distant star to "wobble". ⬜ We look for a regular switch between red shifted and blue shifted light from a distant star. We look for evidence of supernova explosions from a distant star. ✅ ⬜ We look for the light of a distant star to dim regularly. Question 2 1 point What would happen to Earth if the Sun’s gravity were suddenly ‘turned off’? ✅ Earth would move off in a straight line into deep space ⬜ Earth would orbit the Sun faster ⬜ Earth would orbit the Sun slower ⬜ Nothing, Earth would orbit the same way it does now. Question 3 1 point Consider a planet orbiting the Sun. If the mass of the planet doubled, but the planet followed the same orbit, then the force of gravity between the planet and the Sun would

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ✅ double ⬜ quadruple ⬜ become half as much ⬜ becomes one quarter as much ⬜ stay the same Question 4 1 point Consider a planet orbiting the Sun. If the mass of the planet doubled, AND the planet's distance from the Sun doubled, then the force of gravity between the planet and the Sun would ⬜ become 8 times as great ✅ become half as great ⬜ double ⬜ quadruple ⬜ stay the same Question 5 1 point Consider a planet orbiting the Sun. If the mass of the planet doubled, AND the planet's distance from the Sun doubled, AND the mass of the Sun doubled, then the force of gravity between the planet and the Sun would ✅ stay the same ⬜ become 16 times as great ⬜ become 8 times as great ⬜ quadruple ⬜ double Part B: The Transit Method to Detect Extrasolar Planets [Adapted from Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy, 1st Ed., Adams, Prather, Slater (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005)] The figures below show the orbits of three exoplanets around their stars. The Earth is directed "below" each of the figures. For each of the above figures (X, Y, Z), could astronomers on Earth detect the presence of the exoplanet using the transit method? Answer Yes or No : Figure X: No

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Figure Y: Yes Figure Z: Yes Question 7 2 points The graph below shows how the amount of light we detect from a star can change over time if it is orbited by an exoplanet. Which locations on the graph correspond to the times when the exoplanet is completely in front of the star. ⬜ A ✅ B ⬜ C ✅ D ⬜ E ✅ F ⬜ G Question 8 2 points Referring to the same graph in Question 7, Which locations on the graph correspond to the times when the exoplanet is not in front of the star at all. ✅ A ⬜ B ✅ C ⬜ D ✅ E ⬜ F ✅ G Question 9 1 point Referring to the graph in Question 7, what is the exoplanet doing when the light we detect from the star begins to increase from the least amount of light to the greatest amount of light. ✅ The exoplanet is on its way to move from: in front of the star to behind the star. ⬜ The exoplanet is on its way to move from: behind the star to in front of the star. Question 10 1 point

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Why are the bottom of the dips in the graph a horizontal line rather than a single point? ⬜ A horizontal line shows the planet moving in a straight line in front of the star. ✅ A horizontal line shows that the planet takes some time to orbit in front of the star. ⬜ A horizontal line shows the planet is behind the star during this interval. ⬜ A horizontal line shows the planet stopped for a while when it is in front of the star. Matching In the following figure, four different exoplanet systems are shown on the left, and four different graphs of brightness vs. time are shown on the right. Match each exoplanet system with the graph that best represents the brightness we would observe for the star in that system. All the stars are identical, but the exoplanets range in size (and each exoplanet crosses directly between its parent star and Earth). Question 11 4 points Match the Exoplanet System number with the graph letter. Hint: 1234 1⃣2⃣3⃣4⃣ The size of an exoplanet affects how much light it blocks, and that the distance between an exoplanet and its parent star affects how long the planet takes to complete an orbit around its

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! parent star. The farther a planet from its parent star, the longer it takes to orbit the star. 3 3⃣ Exoplanet System 1 1 1⃣ Exoplanet System 2 2 2⃣ Exoplanet System 3 4 4⃣ Exoplanet System 4 1. Graph A 2. Graph B 3. Graph C 4. Graph D Comparing Graphs Graphs 1 and 2 below show the observed brightness of two identical stars over time. Graph 1 shows the observed brightness of Star 1, which is orbited by a small exoplanet. Graph 2 shows the observed brightness of Star 2, which is orbited by a large exoplanet. Both exoplanets are the same distance from their parent stars. Question 12 3 points Assume Graph 1 is correct. State whether each of the features of Graph 2 listed below is correct or incorrect. Answer: Correct or Incorrect Sides of the dips Incorrect Duration of the dips Correct Depths of the dips Correct Part C: Newton's Gravity Question 13 2 points The figure below shows several objects (A – D) of different masses located on the surface of the earth.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Rank (from greatest to least) the strength of the gravitational force exerted by Earth on each of the objects (A – D). [1=Greatest...4=Least] 4 4⃣ A 2 2⃣ B 3 3⃣ C 1 1⃣ D Question 14 2 points The figures below (A – D) each show two rocky asteroids with masses (m), expressed in arbitrary units, separated by a distance (d), also expressed in arbitrary units.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Rank (from greatest to least) the strength of the gravitational force exerted between each pair of asteroids. [1=Greatest...4=Least] 3 3⃣ A 1 1⃣ B 2 2⃣ C 4 4⃣ D Question 15 1 point An apple hangs on a tree on the Earth. Which of the following statements is correct?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ The gravitational force on the apple is greater than the force on the Earth because the Earth is more massive. ✅ The gravitational forces on the apple and Earth are equal. ⬜ The gravitational forces on the apple and the Earth are zero because they are not touching each other. ⬜ The gravitational force on the apple is less than the force on the Earth because the tree is supporting the apple. ⬜ The gravitational force on the Earth is greater than the force on the apple because the Earth is more massive. Test 2 Question 1 (1 point) Why is Pluto considered a "dwarf planet", and not a "planet"? ✅ a) Pluto does not clear the neighbourhood around its orbit. ⬜ b) Pluto is too far away from the Sun to be a planet. ⬜ c) Pluto is a terrestrial object in the region of the Gas Giants. ⬜ d) Pluto is too small to be a planet. ⬜ e) Pluto was discovered too late to be called a planet. Question 2 (1 point) A cool star that is very bright must be _____ on the HR diagram, and ____ the main sequence. A hot star that is dim is likely to be ______. ⬜ a) at the top left; on; a white dwarf ⬜ b) at the bottom left; off; a red giant ⬜ c) at the top right; on; a low-mass living star ✅ d) at the top right; off; a white dwarf ⬜ e) at the bottom right; on; a low-mass living star Question 3 (1 point) Why didn't a planet form where the asteroid belt is now located? ⬜ a) The rocks themselves in this part of the solar nebula were too icy to form into planets. ✅ b) Gravitational tugs from Jupiter prevented material from collecting together to form a planet. ⬜ c) The temperature in this part of the solar nebula was too high to prevent rocks from

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! sticking together. ⬜ d) The temperature in this part of the solar nebula was too low to prevent rocks from sticking together. ⬜ e) There was too much of a mix of rocky material and gases to form a planet. Question 4 (1 point) Which of the following is a remnant of a dead star? ⬜ a) neutron stars ⬜ b) black hole ⬜ c) white dwarf ✅ d) All of these are remnants of dead stars. Question 5 (1 point) We believe that at one time water flowed on Mars because of observations of ⬜ a) the polar ice caps ⬜ b) warm temperatures during the day ✅ c) features that look like dried up river beds ⬜ d) the rusty red surface which requires water to produce ⬜ e) fossilized organisms that resemble marine animals Question 6 (1 point) What would Jupiter have needed to become a star? ✅ a) More mass (Hydrogen gas). ⬜ b) Less moons. ⬜ c) A slower rotation rate on its axis. ⬜ d) A different chemical composition. ⬜ e) More moons. Question 7 (1 point) Let's imagine three different scenarios of a star experiencing a Type II Supernova. What would we see or experience for each case? Scenario i) The Sun goes supernova (whether or not this is possible, just imagine it happens) Scenario ii) A star on the far side of the Milky Way goes supernova Scenario iii) A star in our neighbour, the Andromeda galaxy, goes supernova ✅ a) i) we'd die ii) we might not even see it if it is obscured by enough dust iii) it would be very bright and visible from Earth ⬜ b) i) it would be blindingly bright but Earth would survive ii) it would be very bright and astronomers would be very happy iii) it would probably be too distant for us to see the supernova much at all ⬜ c)

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! i) it would be blindingly bright but Earth would survive ii) we might not even see it if it is obscured by enough dust iii) it would probably be too distant for us to see the supernova much at all ⬜ d) i) it would kill most of the Milky Way galaxy ii) it would kill most of the Milky Way galaxy iii) it would be very bright and astronomers would be very happy to see it ⬜ e) i) we'd die ii) we'd die iii) it would be blindingly bright, brighter than the rest of the whole galaxy Question 8 (1 point) Gas giant planets are _________ the Sun, have _________ masses, and _________ densities. ⬜ a) close to; large; high ⬜ b) close to; small; low ✅ c) far from; large; low ⬜ d) far from; small; low ⬜ e) far from; large; high Question 9 (1 point) If two stars have the exact same spectral class then they must ______. If a newly discovered stellar object is cooler than an M star, then it is probably _____. ⬜ a) have the same brightness; be a very low-mass living star ⬜ b) be the same temperature; a white dwarf ✅ c) be the same temperature; a brown dwarf ⬜ d) be the same size (radius); a failed star (it is not fusing in its core) ⬜ e) have the same brightness; huge in radius Question 10 (1 point) At what point will a low-mass star like our Sun fuse helium nuclei together? ⬜ a) The only time is when it fuses He in a shell around the carbon core, pushing away the outer layers to produce a planetary nebula ⬜ b) It fuses He in a shell around the core at all times throughout its main sequence life ⬜ c) It will fuse He in the core as it is becoming a planetary nebula and before it produces either a neutron star or black hole ⬜ d) It fuses He in its core throughout its main sequence life ✅ e) As it dies it will eventually fuse He in the core, and when the core fills with carbon it will fuse He in a shell around the core

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 11 (1 point) In each diagram below, the mass of the star is the same. In which diagram is the force of gravity greatest between the star and planet shown. Note the distances and masses are in arbitrary units. ⬜ a) (1) ✅ b) (2) ⬜ c) (3) ⬜ d) (4) ⬜ e) All have the same force of gravity since the star has the same mass in each diagram. Question 12 (1 point) The Solar Nebular Theory is a theory of how our solar system formed. Which of the following does the Solar Nebular Theory not explain? ⬜ a) The presence of asteroids and comets. ⬜ b) Planets orbit the Sun in the same direction. ✅ c)The equal number of Terrestrial and Gas Giant planets. ⬜ d) The compositional differences between the Terrestrial and Gas Giant planets. ⬜ e)Planets orbit the Sun in a nearly flattened disk. Question 13 (1 point) What happens to the core of a star undergoing a Type II Supernova? ⬜ a) It is fused until the elements are completely broken down, and then the core fragments go flying out into space with the rest of the star, filtering out back into the galaxy ✅ b) It is compressed to the point that electrons and protons combine to make a ball of pure neutrons (and maybe compressed even beyond that), and that core will survive the blast ⬜ c) The core creates a hole in space-time, and it is thought that the resulting wormhole

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! allows it to escape to somewhere else in the galaxy ⬜ d) It is instantly compressed into a black hole, which devours most of the star's material, so that only light is released from a Type II Supernova ⬜ e) It fuses through many different elements, while the rest of the star explodes out and off of it, leaving behind a surviving core made of a variety of shells of different elements Question 14 (1 point) Why is there such a neat division between the Terrestrial and Jovian (Gas Giant) planets? ✅ a) The region close to the Sun was so hot that only rocks and metals could form solids, leaving very little merial for the terrestrial planets to form from. Far from the Sun, colder materials like ice could form solid, so the Jovian planets formed much bigger cores, which were capable of trapping nearby gas. ⬜ b) Initially, all of the planets were Jovian planets, but the Terrestrial planets had their gassy surfaces ripped away by a supernova. ⬜ c) The Jovian planets are more negatively charged, and so got pushed farther away from the negatively charged Sun (since negative charges repel other negative charges). ⬜ d) The locations of the Terrestrial and Jovian planets is random; the neat division is just a coincidence. ⬜ e) I really have no clue. Please go ahead and mark this question wrong. Question 15 (1 point) The diagram below represents an exaggerated view of Earth orbiting the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent Earth's location in its orbit on the first day of each of the four seasons. Which location in Earth's orbit represents the first day of Winter for an observer in Toronto, Canada?

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ a) A ⬜ b) B ⬜ c) C ✅ d) D Question 16 (1 point) Which of the following is NOT a way to detect the existence of an exo-planet? ⬜ a) We look for the position of a distant star to "wobble”. ⬜ b) We look for a regular switch between red shifted and blue shifted light from a distant star. ⬜ c) We look for the light of a distant star to dim regularly. ⬜ d) We look for the extra-solar planets directly. ✅ e) All of the above are possible ways to detect the existence of exo- planets Question 17 (1 point) What happens when a high mass star leaves the Main Sequence? ⬜ a) It expands to become a supergiant, due to fusion reactions in its outer layers and on its surface, which also makes it extremely brighter than before. ⬜ b) The core collapse process causes nuclear fusion and fission reactions in its core, which push the outer layers outwards and makes the surface hotter and brighter.

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ c) It immediately collapses into a type 1A supernova blast, with almost no intermediate steps and no observable warning of change. ⬜ d) It cools and dims, moving down the main sequence to the bottom-right of the HR diagram. ✅ e) It increases in size due to the shells of fusion around its core; its surface cools while expanding. Question 18 (1 point) Which of the following is false about nova and supernova type 1A events? ✅ a) A nova event can destroy the object experiencing it, while a type 1A supernova can produce a large black hole ⬜ b) Nova events can happen multiple times on the same object, while a type 1A supernova can only occur once for that object ⬜ c) A nova event is very bright, but a supernova type 1A is much brighter, and can outshine many stars in a galaxy ⬜ d) Both of them must occur in a system with more than one star ⬜ e) Mass transfer must occur onto a white dwarf in order for either of them to occur Question 19 (1 point) Which graph best represents the force of gravity between the Earth and the Sun during one orbit of Earth around the Sun? Hint: Think about the Earth-Sun distance during Summer and Winter…

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ a) (1) ⬜ b) (2) ✅ c) (3) ⬜ d) (4) Question 20 (1 point) Consider the following light curve of a star with one extra-solar planet orbiting the star. Why are the edges of the dips in the graph diagonal lines rather than vertical lines? ✅ a) The diagonal lines show that it takes time for the planet to fully appear in front of the star and to fully move away from the front of the star ⬜ b) The diagonal lines show that the planet is orbiting its

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! parent star along some inclination angle rather than horizontally relative to Earth. ⬜ c) The planet itself wobbles a little during its orbit around the star and the diagonal lines show the disturbance of light from the star during the wobbling. ⬜ d) The planet actually orbits in a wave-like manner and the diagonal lines show the places where the planet is bobbing "down" and "up" along its orbit. ⬜ e) The diagonal lines show that there could potentially be other planets orbiting the parent star as well, but we do not "see" them. Question 21 (1 point) The graph below represents the brightness and temperature of stars visible from Earth. Which locations on the graph best represent a star that is not fusing hydrogen in its core? ✅ a) A and D ⬜ b) C and D ⬜ c) B and C ⬜ d) A, C, and D

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ e) All labelled locations represent a star fusing hydrogen in its core Question 22 (1 point) Which planet has the highest average surface temperature, and why? ⬜ a) Venus, because it is the closest planet to Earth ⬜ b) Mars, because of its red color ⬜ c) Earth, because of its ability to support life ✅ d) Venus, because of its dense carbon dioxide atmosphere ⬜ e) Mercury, because it is closest to the Sun Question 23 (1 point) Why is iron the last element produced in a massive star's core? ✅ a) Fusing iron would require adding energy, rather than releasing it. ⬜ b) Iron is the largest stable element; larger ones cannot be fused in any situation. ⬜ c) There is very little iron produced in the core and so it will not fuse. ⬜ d) It has the lowest mass of any elements' nucleus, so to be a fuel source it can't be fused, only fissioned (broken into smaller pieces). ⬜ e) It isn't - after iron is produced in the core, the star quickly burns through the rest of the elements in the periodic table, but it happens so fast that it triggers a supernova. Question 24 (1 point) What happens to the core of a star after a planetary nebula occurs, and what is the surviving object mostly made of? ⬜ a) It becomes a neutron star, made mostly of pure neutrons ✅ b) It becomes a white dwarf, made mostly of carbon ⬜ c) It becomes a black hole, made of iron trapped inside ⬜ d) It becomes a white dwarf, made mostly of iron ⬜ e) It becomes either a white dwarf made of H and He, a neutron star made of iron, or a black hole Question 25 (1 point) Which Moon position (A-E), shown in the diagram at the right best corresponds with the moon phase shown on the left? (Note that the drawing is not to scale for the sizes and distances of objects.)

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ A ✅ B ⬜ C ⬜ D ⬜ E Question 26 (1 point) ________ are remnants of low-mass stars. ⬜ a) Neutron stars ⬜ b) Pulsars ⬜ c) Black holes ✅ d) White dwarfs

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! Question 27 (1 point) How do massive living stars (along the Main Sequence) compare with low-mass living stars (along the Main Sequence)? ⬜ a) Massive stars are dimmer, cooler, redder, and live for a longer time ⬜ b) Massive stars are dimmer, cooler, bluer, and live for a shorter time ✅ c) Massive stars are brighter, hotter, bluer, and live for a shorter time ⬜ d) Massive stars are brighter, hotter, bluer, and life for a longer time ⬜ e) Massive stars are brighter, hotter, redder, and live for a longer time Question 28 (1 point) What happens when the gravity of a massive star is able to overcome neutron degeneracy pressure? ⬜ a) The core contracts and becomes a ball of neutrons. ⬜ b) The core contracts and becomes a white dwarf. ⬜ c) Gravity is not able to overcome neutron degeneracy pressure. ⬜ d) The star explodes violently, leaving nothing behind. ✅ e) The core contracts and becomes a black hole singularity. Question 29 (1 point) Listed below are several astronomical objects (1-5). Which is the correct ranking for the size (diameter) of these objects, from largest to smallest? 1. White dwarf 2. Neutron star 3. The Sun 4. Black hole singularity 5. The Solar System ⬜ a) 5 > 1 > 3 > 2 > 4 ⬜ b) 3 > 5 > 1 > 4 > 2 ⬜ c) 4 > 2 > 1 > 3 > 5 ✅ d) 5 > 3 > 1 > 2 > 4 ⬜ e) 2 > 1 > 5 > 3 > 4 Question 30 (1 point) As you approach the event horizon of a black hole, ______________ (as seen by an outside observer). ✅ a) time runs slower and objects appear redshifted ⬜ b) time runs faster and objects appear redshifted ⬜ c) time runs slower and objects appear blueshifted

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Note: These answers are student written, and could be wrong. If you think any of them are, please correct them! ⬜ d) time runs faster and objects appear the same color ⬜ e) time runs slower and objects appear the same color

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