HLSC 510 History of Terrorism
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Research Paper: History of Terrorism Brian Robinson
Liberty University HLSC 510 Dr. Jeff Fox 03/03/2024
Research Paper: History of Terrorism Let us set off on a voyage through history, taking in important landmarks along the way. From the moment the nation was established to the current day, I will compile a brief chronology
that will concentrate on the most notable events that have occurred. Founding of the Country It was on July 4, 1776, that the Continental Congress gave its approval to the Declaration of Independence, which was a significant event in the history of the United States. An audacious announcement was made in this paper regarding the independence of thirteen British colonies in North America from Great Britain. It clearly described why, on July 2, the Congress had unanimously voted that "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be Free and Independent States." This resolution was passed on July 2. Even though the official vote for separation took place on July 2, the passage of the Declaration of Independence has been honored as the major national festival for all time. This holiday is known as Independence Day, which is commemorated on July 4. The United States of America came into existence on that momentous day, which marked the culmination of the transformation of the British colonies into independent states. One of the most important documents in the history of the United States of America is the Declaration of Independence, which was written by Thomas Jefferson. It is a tribute to the unwavering quest for freedom and self-determination. This event marks the beginning of a new nation, which is the United States of America declaring its independence from Britain. We begin the process of drafting the Constitution, which will serve as the foundation for the federal government.
Post-Revolutionary Era (1780s-1790s)
Notable intellectual and political advancements occurred during the Post-Revolutionary Era, which lasted from the late 1780s to the 1790s. This was a period of great significance. The influence of the French Revolution The influence of the French Revolution was large enough to be seen in writings on politics and society that were produced in the 19th century. In the 1790s, significant thinkers such as Edmund Burke (Reflections on the Revolution in France) and Joseph de Maistre (Considérations sur la France) struggled to come to terms with the aftermath of the revolution. Even though they were different, both parties acknowledged that revolution was a self-sustaining phenomenon. Several distinct groups began to use freedom and equality as rallying cries, which led to continual turmoil. The conviction that these principles are applicable everywhere in the world undercut the conventional restraints that had been placed on revolutionary enthusiasm. Over the course of the early 19th century, liberals all over Europe advocated for a variety of causes, including but not limited to written constitutions, the extension
of suffrage, civil rights, a free-market economy, and wars of national liberation. As both liberalism and nationalism wanted liberation from foreign authority, the border between the two gradually became blurrier. In the 1820s, for example, when Greece was fighting for its independence from Türkiye, Western European intellectuals came together in support of the Greek cause. Poets, singers, and artists expressed their sympathy with the Greek people. The emergence of the machine industry brought about numerous new obstacles, which led to the Industrial Revolution and social reform. The Saint-Simonian Doctrine advocated for a benign
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dictatorship that would be led by manufacturers and scientists to remedy the imbalances that were brought about by the liberal free market economy. 1832 was the year that saw the first use of the phrase’s "socialism" and "socialist." Robert Owen was responsible for the establishment of
prosperous towns in both Scotland and the United States. Promoted the implementation of measures that would make the lives of workers better. The Federalist Party was the dominant political force in American politics during the Federalist Era, which lasted from 1788 to 1800, respectively. Members of Congress were under the power of the Federalists, who also had backing from Presidents George Washington and John Adams. The decade of the 1780s, following the American Revolution, was marked by widespread violence and a period of economic despair. The problems that were associated with slavery and the upheaval of society were obvious.
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9th Century Expansion and Challenges
The United States of America experienced a period of enormous expansion as well as a variety of difficulties during the 19th century. Many people held the conviction that the United States of America was destined to spread across the entire North American continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This view was known as "Manifest Destiny." Migration
westward, the acquisition of property, and the search for economic possibilities were all spurred by westward migration. The purchase of Louisiana by President Thomas Jefferson in 1803 resulted in a doubling of the size of the nation, which now encompasses the whole region from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Jefferson believed the ownership of property was necessary for the development of a devout citizenry and the continued existence of the republic. On the other hand, the nation faced difficulties because of its westward expansion. By the year 1840, the trans-Appalachian West was home to over seven million people, with forty percent of the total population. Farmers, land ownership, and westward movement were all activities that pioneers connected with freedom and independence back then. During the year 1843, the Oregon
Trail was present for the "Great Emigration" of one thousand pioneers travelling. John O'Sullivan, a journalist, is credited with coining the term "manifest destiny," which emphasizes that it was the ultimate destiny of the United States to extend liberty across the continent. On the other hand, this expansion was accompanied by complications. The issue of whether slavery would be permitted in the newly formed states in the western region was a major source of tension within the United States. The Missouri Compromise was an attempt to find a solution to this problem; yet tensions continued to exist. It has been observed by historians that the acquisition of new land contributed to the escalation of sectional tensions between the North and the South. Even though both regions held divergent perspectives regarding the future of the nation, the Western region became a battlefield for these competing ideologies. Economic Development and Obstacles: As the Western world evolved into a modern agricultural machine, farmers encountered obstacles with this development. During the Gilded Age, residents were drawn to the area because of its land, mining, and increased transportation options (such as
railroads). Nevertheless, inequality and difficulties in the economic sphere grew concurrently with progress.
Industrialization and World War I (1900-1918)
Mobilization of the Economy: In 1914, the world powers anticipated a short war, and none of them had fully prepared for a battle that would last for a longer period. They did not have sufficient supplies of food and essential basic materials in stock.
During the war, the Allies gained an advantage because of their larger economies, which were more adaptable, and their improved access to supplies from around the world. To achieve a shared objective, total war necessitated coordination of all available resources. The allocation of labor to the front lines coincided with an increase in production from the weapons factories. In the beginning, Britain was the one to provide financial support to the Allies; however, in later years, they borrowed money from the United States. An attempt was made by the triumphant Allies to seek reparations from the defeated Germany to reimburse their expenses. During World
War I, there was a shift toward industrialism and mass manufacturing in the field of armament and battle technology. This was accomplished through technological innovation. Machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and chemical weapons were among the innovations that were developed. Because of them, the battlefield was altered, and the conflict became more intense. There had a positive impact on the economy because of the conflict, particularly in the heavy industries sector. Most expansions, on the other hand, were followed by contractions. Government regulation and monitoring organizations came into being because of unchecked commercial expansion. During World War I, the industrialization of warfare had disastrous effects on the world. As we reflect on this age, it is imperative that we take into consideration the delicate
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balance that exists between short-term confidence, political stability, and long-term economic health. Post-World War I to 1989
Between the years following World War I and 1989, several key historical events occurred that had a profound impact on the world. The aftermath of World War I brought about significant cultural, economic, and social changes across the globe, including in Europe, Asia, Africa, and other regions. The conclusion of the conflict resulted in the collapse of established empires, the redefinition of frontiers, and the establishment of new states. Germany was forced to pay reparations because of the Treaty of Versailles, which contributed to the country's political
instability and economic difficulties. The Berlin Wall went down on November 9, 1989, marking
the beginning of the fall of the Berlin Wall, which had been separating communist East Germany
from West Germany. As a result of the large demonstrations that had taken place in East Berlin, which included the participation of half a million people, East German leaders decided to relax border controls, making it simpler for East Germans to travel. This significant event served as a visual representation of the conclusion of the Cold War and opened the ground for the reunification of Germany. In the autumn of 1989, socialist nations in Eastern Europe dissolved with minimal resistance. This was the beginning of the transformation that occurred in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall was a watershed moment, as it resulted in the destruction of the most recognizable emblem of the Cold War. Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic are examples of countries that went through peaceful revolutions that resulted in democratic reforms.
Germany's reunification began, NATO grew, and Russia found itself on the periphery of the new
Europe. These historical events contributed to the formation of Europe after the Cold War. The progression of this shift is revealed using documents, interviews, and television broadcasts from
a variety of locations. The Chinese Civil War, the Greek Civil War, the Vietnam War, and the Indonesian National Revolution were only few of the important battles that occurred during this time. In addition to leaving an indelible stamp on history, these events had a significant impact on the geopolitical environment.
1990 Onward In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall was a significant event that marked the conclusion of the Cold War. The rapid growth of technology is reshaping communication and commerce, and the Internet revolution is making this possible. 2001 assaults on the United States of America: Terrorist strikes on American soil led to developments on a worldwide scale. Global warming, cyberattacks, and shifting geopolitical dynamics are the challenges of the 21st century. Post-9/11 Era
Afghanistan and Iraq are now experiencing wars. Technologies, medical treatments, and social advancements have all made progress. Debates that are still going on about equality, civil liberties, and immigration. Types of Terrorism
The act of a nation-state directly engaging in or aiding for terrorist acts is referred to as state-sponsored terrorism. Terrorism motivated by religious ideology, with the goal of imposing one's own beliefs on others, is referred to as religious terrorism. Terrorism that is rooted in ethnic
or national identity and aspirations for autonomy or independence is referred to as ethnic or nationalist terrorism. Terrorism that is associated with leftist ideology, such as communism or socialism, is referred to as left-wing terrorism. Terrorism that is associated with extreme right-
wing beliefs, nationalism, and xenophobia is termed right-wing terrorism. Terrorism that is
focused on a single issue, such as environmental, animal rights, or anti-abortion causes, is referred to as single-issue terrorism.
Tactics Employed by Terrorists
Targeted attacks employing firearms are referred to as shootings. The act of seizing control of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship is known as a hijacking. Individuals are kidnapped for the purpose of demanding a ransom or gaining political influence. explosive devices placed in public
areas are known as bombings. The perpetrators of suicide attacks are those who willfully take their own lives along with those of others.
Issues and Challenges
Regarding civil liberties, striking a balance between individual rights and security measures.
Terrorism in the digital environment is referred to as cyberterrorism. Identification and prevention of radicalization are both aspects of radicalization. Collaborating across national boundaries is one example of global cooperation. Responses and Strategies
Prior to September 11, 2001, centered on police enforcement and information gathering.
There has been an increase in security, the sharing of intelligence, and military interventions since the 9/11 attacks. At the present time, there is a strong emphasis placed on community engagement, the fight against violent extremism, and foreign cooperation.
Now, let us investigate the biblical viewpoint on the issue of terrorism. The Bible does not directly address the issue of terrorism in the current day; nevertheless, it does provide concepts and insights that can guide our thinking and provide direction for our reaction.
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Love Over Fear
The Bible emphasizes love as a powerful force. In 1 John 4:18a (GNT), it says, “There is no fear in love; perfect love drives out all fear.” Love is the defining characteristic of Jesus’ followers (John 13:35).
Rather than responding with hatred or revenge, we are called to choose love. This love extends even to our enemies (Matthew 5:44) and overcomes evil with good (Romans 12:21). In times of terror, our faith is assessed, but we can find strength in this mature love that goes beyond mere sentimentality.
References
"Civil Rights Division National Origin Working Group Initiative to Combat Post-Terrorism Discrimination". Archived from the original on February 13, 2007.
The Year in Hate and Extremism". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 2, 2021. Rothstein, H. J., & Potekhin, V. (2019). From Car Bombs to Car Ramming: A New Form of Attack? Journal of Strategic Security, 12(4), 43-61.
Forest, J. J. F., & Howard, R. D. (2018). Vehicle Ramming Attacks: Threat Landscape, Indicators, and Countermeasures. The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, 22(3), 14-22.
Weimann, Gabriel. "Terrorism in cyberspace: The next generation." Comparative Politics, vol. 33, no. 2, 2001, pp. 171-191. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/422429. Accessed 1 May 2023.
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