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Texas Tech University *

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Arts Humanities

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Dec 6, 2023

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Models of music history Great man focuses around one person so beethoven Evolutionary models Canon model a list of musical works and how they make interact Class is based of cultural historyCreating systems of value and meaning Explain and interpret The world to themselves and themselves to the worldHow human culture develops Two principle streamsThat created rock noroll These being europe And africa African americans contributed to european music since 1400 And american since 1500 Africa The concept of “africa” Word is of berber (north african) version Roman latin word for north africans and n africa( the oarts they knew about) Became the european word for the continent through latin Definition of african american (for this course) Peoples of african descent living in the americas First came to hispaniola 1510 the island by christopher coloumbus(spanish) Africans shared same immunitrues as europe Afro caribbean culture starts to begin through this and the slave trade(hati,trinidad and tobago,dominican republic) Thumprints of african american music Music and movement Of the body (considered “transgressive” by euroculture Back beat(polyrythm) Call and response 12 bar blues Preference for ensemble Imitation of the human voice mimicry timbre(feild holler) t Blues and country named by recording industry little known about genres before that Commercial recording Audio recording began in 1890s before mid 1800s no concpet of popular music Acoustic recording 1900s Edison wax cylinders 1900 Discs in 1920s (gramphone

Categories prior to 1900 where based off function and context Categories originated in 1820 No popular music prior to 1850 Music publishing and the piano Popular music in the 20th century was driven by confluence of three factors 1 vernacular culture A.afro american culture B euro american culture 2.technology Comercial recording And radio broadcasting 3.buisness Music publishing Record labels Radio stations American federation of musicians Comercialazation- the abillitry to charge or sell something like selling records Vernacular- everyday music the music you grew up on Comodification-turning a item of culture into a object you can sale putting blues on records classical(cultivated or art music culture vernacular(folk or traditional music culture) popular(commercial music culture 1920s Business technologys and vernacular music combine to make popular music The making of records is the comodification of music Harmony and chords Songs and forms verses and chorus Guitar and piano Bass reed inst Popular music Sacred music Africa Poly them back beat ensemble mimicry,Timbre,Call and response,Repetition improvisation,12 bar cyclical forms,Movement dance Sonhouse- death house blues, other name jhon the relevator The culture in which Blues developed was described as. gospel, songs of desperation and hope.Son House was both a bluesman and a gospel singer Son House performed both Blues and gospel

Robert Johnson was influenced by both bluesmen Willie Brown and sunhouse The legend about Robert Johnson was that he sold his soul to the devil. Themes of blues-poverty suffering , love not given back,sexuality,humor, justice Blues languagee-earthy ,pragmatic,frank(esp love and secuality)apolapytic (authority) Blues Vernacular music that was comercialized and was marketed to african americans wich became a comercial success Two principal streams of rock and roll Europe-Long traditions of sacred music instruments guitar,piano bass,drums Country music called old time music (appalachian)applachian song anglo celtic ballads Used gospel and blue grass bill monroe and and andrew schults appalachian(old time music)-roscoe holcombe,claw hammer or frailing banjo Catthy frank at hill top wv Dance music fiddle, banjo from africa,gutair bass etc The banjo player wms mount Like the blues country is a comercial form based on vernacular music Both are results of mixing of afro american and euro american cultures Called creolization Guitar originally from spain Originally strings not steel Larson brothers in chicago in 1880 created first steel guitar Martin 1929 marketed first successful steel string guitar Steel string guitar-steel strings made amplification possible magnetic pick up (steel strings+magnet +coil) and ts electric steel made electro acoustic guitar popularixed in late 30s early 40s by jazz guitarist charlie christian of the greatest jazz soloists made the electric gutair solo died at 25 from tuberculosis R&B Combined blues vocals with jazz instrumentation with faster tempo and instumental arrangements Larger variety of vocal styles then blues with pop and tin pan alley jazz and gospel Recipe for R&B-blues plus jazz instumentation+ gospel and pop sining,gospel and pop singing,plus boogie woogeie baselines Similar to blues in its melodic language harmonic language song forms Boogie woofie big joe turner louis jordan Jazz 20s and 30s Big band swing late 30s and 40s Rationing and ww 2 made touring very difficult and making bands smaller

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Apopration-comercial musicians borrow from vernacular musican, dominant white musicans borrow from black musicans,priveliged muscians borrow from underprivileged musicans who cant do anything about it Forces shaping music in the mid 20th century Technology,comericalazation comodification and appropriation Other forces shaping music where competing business interests, music publishes record labels,performers rights organazations r&B crosses over to white musicians Ascap ignores roots musicians,afm strikes,bmi broadcaster start playing records on radio,djs begin playing records on radio,airwaves no longer segregated,white teenages buy records Dj alan freed big part some white parents where antagonized by it saw r&b asdangerous ragged according to pat boone suggestiuve and explicit Tranggerive behavior and music wich was old trope in american music White covers of black songs r&b crossing over resulted in lots of money Major labels had A&r people looking for black songs,white artists then record them with them having better access to radio and tv wich resulted in approatuin and the af american artists not receiving any money Sun records in memphis tennessee indy label recorded blues and country artists Sam philips producer and engineer who died in 2003 behind it all Elvis 1935-1977 Elvis band was a trio at first Elvisdid vocals and acoustic rhythm guitar,scotty moore did electric lead guitar,bill black did bass stand up with all these sounds combining to maek the original rockabilly sound Dj fontana later came around on drums Elvis presley a side of thats alright and b side was blue moon of kentucky to show people and radio hosts he was white First tour was in 1955 with johnny cash, and carl perkins At first elvis was considered a country artist but country aritts though he sounded tooo black and r&b stations thought he sounded like a hillbilly Sings with colonel tom parker as his manager in 1955 Buys his recording contract from sam philips for 35k Parker negotiates contract with rca and gets him into hollywood His first tv appearances in 1956 where on the the dorsey brothers stage show done by quincy jones,milton berle show,steve aleen ed sulivan show Elvis goes to holly wood making the movies love me tender 1956,jailhouse rock 1957,loving you 1957,king creole 1958 wich all mad him explode Drafrted into army in 1958 and was dsicharfed in 1960 Hit his career peak in 1958 one hit in 1965 comeback tv special in 1968 Spent rest of time in vegas where he died in 1977

Elvis synthsied a new sound,first white person to make rocknroll accessible to millions of america,earned respect of african americans that he learned from,made every boy in america want to play the guitar,insoired a generation of rock and rollers,first to embody the youth culture Rockabilly-clean lead electric guitar sound,acoustic rhythm guitar,stand up bass later drums,bass lines from boogie woogeie and r&b,hiccupy vocal sound,up tempo,no ballads,souped up r&b Rockabilly is really a combination of country and R&b name used for early rock and roll,no one used the term then, artists where elivs carl perkins jerry lee lewis, gene vincent,eddie cochran,jhonny burnette huge influence in buddy holly and the beatles especially carl perkins More popular in britain then usa Was a revival in britain during the 80s continues to be popular as a subgenre of rock Buddy holly 1936-1959 Born in lubbock Started out with country Saw elvis at lubbock hs in 1955 Switched to rock and roll after this First recirdiungs in nashville didnt work out Went to wirk with norman petty in clovis Elvis sang,carl sang ,played and wrote some Chuck played sang and wrote a lot Buddy sang wrote played and produced Was the first to use two electric guitars and bass and drums Developed song writing style that was very self contained and radio friendly His arrangements worked on radio and in concert Produced a diy template for later artists Had massive influence Huge influence on songwrtitng,playing ,band ,production First great figure of 60s rock he set the tone and template for rolling stones beatles and the others that fallowed Buddy holly signals end of era with elvis in the army carl perkins almost dead from car wreck,little richard returned to seminary,chuck berry was in jail,jerryh lee lewis had been outcast and buddly holly had just died What followed was called the waste land or drought with nothing going on even though stuff was on the west coast but east coast media controlled everything without any major aritsits big business took over and music publieshers became gate keepers wich resulted in the quality of music suffering American band stand,payola,assmely line pop music,teen idols,brill building songwriters wich all resulted in the sameness and baldness of musics The beatles arrived 5 years later Bron and grew up in liverpool a port city where things chould easily spread and where tested hamburg Jhon lenon and paulformed the quarry men a skiffle men in 1956

Made working class vernacular music Brian epstein manager and george martin producer who worked in comedy before Where from upper middle class Beatles first record was love me do in 1962 and please please me in in 1962 was ther first number one record Beatlmania started in britain in 1963 and hit the usa in 1964 Ed sullivan show feb 9th 73 million people watched wit 60% of all tvs watching and 40% of population In april of 64 14 songs in top 100 Us sales over 25 million in 1964 There first movie a hard days night Important musical characteristics All 4 sang,Loud drum,3 vocal hamroies ,3 and a quarter lead vocalist jhon paul and george and sometimes ringo Two electric guitars withrythym lead and trade off,First to really use electric bass,Arrangements,Hooks and riffs,Strong r and b rhythms,popsong sensibility need to work on radio and stage,band ethos Globally famous in 1965 music heard everywhere Realese a album called Beatles for sale and movie help and then played shea stadium wich was the largest concert at the time in us history 65-70000 23 songs in top 100 in 65 realeses 65 and 66 called rubber soul and revolver wich chould be combined 1967 sgt peppers lonely heart clubs band realesed magucal mystery tour same year Indian music through george Made psychedelic music through there expirementaton,used the studio as an instrument, working in forms longer then 3 minute pop songs Last performance in 1966 in candlestick park San Francisco 1968 betles begin breaking up the realese the beatles 1969 record let it be don’t reales untill 70 Record last album abbey road 1970 let it be break up Beatles legacy cultural icons Rco and roll became mainstream Inspired hundreds to play guitar started british invasion Mississippi delta blues 1. The culture in which Blues developed was described as. gospel, songs of desperation and hope 2.Son House was both a bluesman and a gospel singer

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3. Son House performed both Blues and gospel 4. Robert Johnson was influenced by both bluesmen Willie Brown and sunhouse 5. The legend about Robert Johnson was that he sold his soul to the devil. St louis blues Note the date for this film (1929). What does that tell us? old singer, influencer 2. What do you notice about the context for this filmed performance of Blues?portrays slaves, sad, grainey 3. Can you hear Bessie Smith's influence in any singers with whom you are familiar?yes lots of soul singers 4. What can you gather from observing the space for this performance and the people in it?slaves, working 5. What do your observations for question 4 suggest about Blues music and African-American culture in 1929?songs about desperation and hope, sorrow Bristol sessions 1. The "Bristol Sessions" were conducted by ralph pier 2. Which two major artists were recorded during the "Bristol Sesssions the carter family and jimmie rodgers 3. What is one major difference between these two artists?family, variety 4. What is one thing these artists had in common?Made singles and yodeled 5. Jimmie Rogers combined country and blues to make his characteristic "blue yodel The grand ole opry 1. What happened to the US economy to make radio more popular than records? World war 2 and the booming of the exinonamty 2. Who founded the Grand Ol' Opry?George D Hay 3. Who was the first "star" of the Grand Ol' Opry?deford baily 4. What was distinctive about DeFord Bailey?best harmonic player \5. In the 1930s who bacame the biggest star of the Grand Ol' Opry? Roy acuff HONKY TONK 1. Who was the coal miner who became famous not only for his singing and songwriting but also for his distinctive guitar style? Merrie travis 2. What is a "honky tonk"?beer joints that featured music drinking and jukeboxes

3. This singer was a huge influence "the best of a new generation of country singers" such as George Jones and Merle Haggard?Lefty Frizzell 4. This singer was world famous for his singing and his songwriting, but he died at the age of 29 due to rugs and alcohol abuse.Hank Williams 5. This singer had the first major country music hit by a woman:kitty wells GOSPEL . How would you describe the Gospel singing style? group singing-religious music associated moves w/ rural 2. Who was called "the Father of Gospel"? Thomas Andrew Dorsey 3. Who was the first Gospel artist to have access to television and a major label recording contract Mahalia jackson "queen of gospel" ?4. Why do you think Sister Rosetta Tharp might not have received the recognition she deserved for her innovative singing and guitar playing? -because she was a girl, a black girl 5. Coming from the Gospel tradition, what was unusual about the places in whihc the Staples Singers performed? -they had a way through sliding through the notes R&B 1. What information in this sequence confirms the idea that "R&B combines Blues and Jazz"? -mama he treats your daughter mean, Ruth Brown-Tom Petty said " start mixing country the best of country, gospel and to some extent jazz and all of there mixed elements 2. As singers, what do Ruth Brown and Big Joe Turner have in common from their musical backgrounds? Ruth brown- some gospel there when she sings-Big Joe turner- great blues man rock n roll-both= shout, scream, and cry blues-atlantic records black pop-both very polishedGospel singing baclgrounds 3. Which of our "thumbprints" of African-American music does Quincy Jones mention in regards to Louis Jordan's music?backbeats 4. What is it about R&B that might have helped small independent labels do an "end run" around the major record labels? thirst for different music and race-independent distributes, can have labels sent from garage -lots of money to be made by independent labels 5. Ahmet Ertegun founded Atlantic Records out of his love of American Jazz, Blues, and R&B: what is it about his background that might have given him a different perspective on American music from most Americans? -He knew what black life was in America, roots, and black gospel music- black blues from the delta that went onto Chicago and to west coast and he loved all that- he felt he loved more than an average American knew about BLUES AND RADIO

1. Between 1925 and 1940, did African-American and white musicians have the same access to the radio airwaves? -no southern black blues musicians weren't so fortunate until 1941 2. What important event happened in Helena, AR in 1951 (the documentary incorrectly gives the date as "1941")? 3. What city became the center for blues and radio in the 1950s? black there on station KFFA(first to put afro American group on the air) next chapter of blues was being written- all started with Sonny Boy Williamson, and Robert Junior Lockwood 4. Rufus Thomas described what aspect of the crossover of African-American music? -revolutionized music in America -white college students listening to blues African artists radio station 5. What important independent record label is mentioned in regard to Memphis, TN? Who founded it? Which artist was his most famous discovery? -sun studio -the Wolf -Elvis Presley was his most famous discovery -Howlin' Wolf found it 6. "That's Alright" is a cover song. Compare and contrast it with Bill Haley's cover of "Shake, Rattle & Roll" or "Rock Around the Clock CHICAGO BLUES 1. Who were the two major figures (both singers/bandleaders) of Chicago Blues (who were often rivals)? Howlin wolf and muddy waters 2. What was Willie Dixon, the father of modern chicago blues 3. Who was Hubert Sumlin? a member of Howlin' Wolf's band and played a crucial role in shaping the sound and style of Chicago Blues during the 1950s and 1960s. 4. What demographic event happened twice in the 20th century and led to mass migration of African-Americans from the south to the north, particularly Chicago?the great migration 5. What happened to southern Mississippi delta blues when it moved to the big city in the north?the lyrics changed and it became amplified and more bands along with integration into recording companys NEW orleans What is meant by "New Orleans' diverse cultural mix?" the mix of black creole cajun french anglo and native infleunces 2. New Orleans has musical links for which other nearby regions? The caribbean the delta, the gulf coast and anglo 3. What musical factors from out of NA's diverse cultural mix contribute to the city's sound?the musical background of all the cultures

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4. New Orleans is famous for being the birthplace of what internationally known style of music?jazz 5. In addition to #4 above what are some other musical influences on NA's sound?blues,cajun,r&b gospel brass bands 1. Which is being prioritized in Doo Wop, lyrics or vocal harmonies?nonsense vocal harmonies 2. Is Doo Wop a primarily rural or an urban phenomenon? Urban with it originating in urban centers such as new york and chicago 3. How important is instrumentation to Doo Wop?not very as they leaned on vocal harmonies 4. This type of syllable is prevalent in Doo Wop lyrics _______________.nonsense lyircs 5. In addition to the African-Americans who created it, what other ethnic group embraced and became important to Doo Wop?italian americans Atlantic records 1. Who founded Atlantic Records? October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson 2. What kind of music was Atlantic Records associated with before Soul music was developed?jazz and blues 3. Who was Big Joe Turner?r and b artist for atlantic . Big Joe Turner's music bridged the gap between traditional blues and the emerging rock and roll genre, making him an inﬂuential figure in the history of American popular music. 4. Who was Ruth Brown?quen of r and b worked for atlantic and for artists rights 5. Who was Ray Charles?very influential singer who was blind and worked for atlantic and helped desergataget industry and blended genre PAYOLA 1. What is “payola?” is the illegal practice of paying a commercial radio station to play a song without the station disclosing the payment . 2. Who was mentioned as being caught up in the payola scandal? Dj alan freed 3. In the documentary Tom Petty says that during this period the music industry was “taken over by” whom? Corporate types 4. Which artists were mentioned as having been “Teen Idols?”elvis the beetles 5. What was happening in the Brill Building during this period?it was a hub for song writing and prodcing 6. Which producer was mentioned as a “musical genius?” george martin DETROIT 1. Motown Records was owned by whites or African-Americans?afircan americans 2. Motown Records was located in which city?detroit

3. Both Motown and Stax/Volt had “house bands”—Motown’s house band was i ntegrated or segregated?integrated 4. Motown was marketed to a mostly black/urban or white/suburban audience? It tartefeted both 5. Motown’s production was producer-dominated or band-dominated? producer 6. Motown’s production was “simple, groove-oriented, with ‘head arrangements’,” or “lavish, extensive, carefully planned, using many musicians?” It was simple Chapter 5 what was a rock n roll a target for? Repression from 1955-1959 what did major label lose? a large share of the market to independence what did the major labels do?they largely resisted rock n roll and also made attempts to coopt it who had the best luck with sanitized covers of independent hits?Decca and Mercury Who was a lightning rod for criticism about covering other artists?Pat Boone the promotion of a sanitized version calypso music was a part of what?a strategy to divert public tastes from rock n roll the Kingston Trio was a cleaned up version of the folk music that would later attain true popularity who was at the centre of the independent schlock rock movement?Philedelphia who was an invention Cameo/Parkway Records in Philadelphia?Chubby Checker, a black face among a sea of white schlock rockers Paul Anka and Neil Sadaka where part of an effort to professionalize rock n roll by restoring a Tin Pan Alley approach to popular music, in which writers wrote songs, singers sang them, and artist and repertoire staff brought the two together. after targeting individual songs for suggestive lyrics, enemies of rock and roll found a more potent weapon in payola and the payola scandal the payola scandal was the illegal practice of payment or other inducement by record companies for the broadcast of recordings on music radio in which the song is presented as being part of the normal day's broadcast what was radio intimidated into doing playing as few black artists as possible

1962-1964 surf music arose as a consumerist but nevertheless creditable form of rock n roll made by white people with dick dale creating the protoype of it two groups dominated the guitar-based sound that eventually came to define instrumental rock n roll where Duane Eddy and the Rebels and the Ventures The ventures established the instrumentation of the classical rock n roll quartet (electric lead, rhythm, bass and drums) Reading 5 the 60s a chronological order Blacks go to the north with the amount of african americans in major northern american cities Jfk asks not what you can do for your country but what your country can do for you Lyndon b johnson wins the election with largest popular vote in history 1963 first beatles album released in usa Bob dylan switches to electric guitar in 1965 40 percent of us population is under 25 in 66 wich explains a llot with teens in 50s and more Ronald reagan becomes governor of california Pink floyd and grateful dead in 67 1970 jimi hendrix and janis joplin die of overdises The balot and the bullet reading 8 Malcom x seperates from elijah muahamed an african muslim leader Black muslims behind malcom x movement wanted there own nation where only black people where in controll and it was only black people Malcom x -stop singiing start swining African americans should get there indeopecne like others of colonial suffering with there nationalims making there own nations Reading 9 fire from the streets Killing of african american veteran danny thomas by white thugs starts race riot in detroit with national guard being deployed minneapolis 2020 hapopend in july of 1967 wich spread nationwide African americans approatied of la disc jockey magnificent montague burn baby burn to white america

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Soul music reflected the african americans search for identity The term soul was used by african americans to describe their existence in america It soon became assoacted with struggle of african americans Soul became the word for being black with pride and being proud of there culture Ray charles considered the genius of soul and was signed to atlantic after being bought out by atlantic Arethra franklin queen of soul Atlantic also distribute through a branch anamed stax records first called satellite where they focused on roots artists lots of african americans like disc jockey rufus thomas Soul duo discovered by jerry wrexler named sam and dave from miami James brown began to perfect new style called funk in 1954 Wich was characterized by overpowering rhythm and phrase shouting vocals and the staccato punching sounds of horns james brown perfected sound on papas got a brand new bag African american supported soul acts broke attendance records Sympathisizng with african americans many white teens tried to be black and listened to there music Soul crossed into white america with arethra franklin She signed to atlantic and had multiple cross over hits With more soul singers doing so after the 1967 riots With jerry wrexler saying white teens now digs the soul the way the black one does sould had become the music of white america Rock and roll meats the press after hits of fat domino and chuck berry and elivs and other r&b covers articles on rocknroll began appearing in mainstream news papers most where condescending connecting it to sex and violence one even mentioned rock and orll as a caniblaistic triablistic form of music They made concerts try too look like riots and bad and that it was basically the devils music and needed to be stopped and that its power over teens was like that of hitlers over his youth The chicago defender then defended rock and roll They stated that that the defense of rock and roll saying the poeople who didnt like it where the same people that where trying to prevent desefration and where just all antichange

With no rock and roll allowed and no african americans going hand in hand in places in the south calling rock and roll primitive and tribal because it had african american origins The music industry fights against rock and roll The 50s ended on a bum not for rock and roll with the wasteland perod Jerry lee lewis married his 13 year old cousi Starting in 1956 the pop oldguard led by ascap who lin ked it to the rise of bmi Popularity of rock was linked to payola and bmi from older people who believed it was terrible A new form of rock was made to appeal politicainas and teenagers called teen pop Wich adpopted older tchniquews of pop music production whil retaining the seperat soles roles song writer instuematalists and singer Dick clark different alan freed Lots of negative coverage like claims a son murdered his mother cause she whopuldnt let him watch american bandstand Dick clark big part of payola 25 The payola hearing The brill building revived some practives of tin pan alley Young songwriters combined parts of pop with the rock energy to make new songs that where fddance orrietnted and soulfull They worked with many young singers who where african american women This period between 1961 and 1963 was the emergence of the first groups girl groups Marked another period of jewish songqriters and producers working with african americans The angels and shargrialas where hughely popular There was a lot of flexibility at brill building wich chould become a disadvatange with nothing set including the singers with them being seen as interchangalble Phil spectors wall of sound started here spector had complete economic power and control over female arstsits who appeared in his songs taking exploitation ot a new level Represent a shift to music business men being of the same generation as the target audience Spector was far mare famous then any of the people who sang or worked with him(egomaniac)

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