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Jan 9, 2024

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SOC 1106: Exploring Diversity in Canada Take Home Assignment Elisa Moio Ghannai - 300199572 1. Explain, in a maximum of 500 words, what Eve Haque means by the Bilingual Limits of Canadian Multiculturalism. Make sure to refer to the example of the provincial regulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in your answer. (5 marks) Eve Haque’s book examines the complex link between language, race, and identity in the context of Canada's official multiculturalism policy, which celebrates diversity and recognizes many cultural identities but is restricted by its emphasis on bilingualism. While Canada's bilingualism policy has successfully fostered English and French equality, it has undervalued the linguistic and cultural rights of other minority groups. When Haque refers to the bilingual limits of Canadian multiculturalism, she is arguing that the promotion of only two official languages is limiting our wide diversity of culture, which is closely associated with language. This situation often prioritizes the dominant language and culture and neglects the power dynamics and gaps between diverse linguistic and cultural groups. Throughout her book, Haque critiques the Government of Canada’s language policies and reveals the contradictions behind the formation of an allegedly unified policy. Haque explains how language and culture are linked in Canada's official-language communities. She claims that the 1967 study Canada, Book I, establishes a problematic hierarchy between different ethnic or racial groups by making language the most significant marker of cultural identity. The author elaborates that “there was a slippage between language and race...

which foreshadowed how language, in the commission’s thinking, would function as a technology of exclusion to limit the boundaries of culture” (Haque, 2012, p. 155). She claims that language may be used to exclude people, especially marginalized populations that may not have equal access to resources and opportunities owing to linguistic limitations. To solve these restrictions and foster linguistic variety in Canadian culture, Haque advocates for a more inclusive approach to Canadian language policies. Moreover, the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine in Ontario is an example of the unequal impacts of this policy on practitioners and patients who are not proficient in English or French. In their article, Ijaz and Boon argue that Canada's "Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework" policy has resulted in unequal impacts for TCM practitioners and patients who are not proficient in either of the official languages. The authors point out how non-English or non- French speaking TCM practitioners are disadvantaged by the necessity to pass a regulatory exam in one of these languages and by the absence of assistance. As a result, many TCM practitioners who do not know English or French are unable to practice in Ontario, whereas English and French speaking practitioners have a major advantage. Ultimately, the article supports Eve Haque's research on the "Bilingual Limits of Canadian Multiculturalism," since it demonstrates how Canada's reliance on only two official languages has resulted in unequal repercussions for TCM practitioners and patients who do not speak English or French. According to the article, in order to really embrace multiculturalism and ensure that all Canadians have equitable access to healthcare and other services, Canada must broaden its awareness of linguistic diversity. 2. Explain, in a maximum of 500 words, what Harsha Walia means by the “apartheid of citizenship” in Canada. Make sure to refer to the example provided in the film “El Contrato” in

your answer. (5 marks) Harsha Walia's article, "Transient Servitude: Migrant Labour in Canada and the Apartheid of Citizenship," addresses the systemic exploitation of migrant labourers in Canada, which is sustained by a combination of immigration rules, labour regulations, and racial prejudice. Walia argues that migrant labourers are frequently brought to Canada on temporary work permits and are attached to a certain employer, exposing them to abuse and exploitation. Furthermore, they are denied numerous labour rights and have restricted access to social assistance, establishing a system of "transient servitude." The idea of "apartheid of citizenship" in Canada, as defined by Walia, refers to the uneven treatment of distinct groups of individuals depending on their citizenship status. Walia contends that this citizenship hierarchy generates an apartheid system in which certain groups of people are afforded fewer rights, protections, and opportunities than others. She focuses specifically on the experiences of migrant workers, who are frequently brought to Canada on temporary work permits attached to a certain company. Because they have limited mobility, few labour rights, and limited access to social services, they are prone to exploitation and abuse under this "transient servitude" system. Walia argues that the notion of "Canadian-ness" is used to “maintain the power of the state to define who belongs and who does not. Temporary foreign workers are perceived not only as not Canadian but also as not working alongside Canadians. " (Walia, 2010, p. 80). This power to define belonging is a major component of Canadian citizenship apartheid. The state employs different variables, such as citizenship status, colour, and ethnicity, to decide who has access to and who does not have access to specific rights, resources, and protections. This perception of temporary foreign workers as "other" also serves to create divisions among workers, reinforcing the power of employers over all workers.

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To put this into context, the film “El Contrato” provides several examples of the apartheid of citizenship in action, including the story of one worker named Jorge. Jorge is a middle-aged man who has been entering Canada for over a decade for work. He is married with children, but owing to the constraints of his work visa, he is unable to bring his family to Canada. He is paid very little and works long hours in hazardous circumstances, including exposure to toxic chemicals. Jorge's experience exemplifies how citizenship apartheid produces a system of "transient servitude," in which workers are brought to Canada on temporary work permits and are bound to a certain employer. Additionally, because the majority of migrant workers in Canada are people of colour from the Global South, it reinforces racial and socioeconomic inequities. Jorge's experience emphasizes the critical need for a more just and equitable immigration policy in Canada, one that recognizes the inherent dignity and worth of all persons, regardless of citizenship status. 3. Explain, in a maximum of 500 words, how neoliberalism has led to a situation where Canadian universities rely heavily on international students to make up for the shortfall in public funding for post-secondary education. (5 marks) Neoliberalism is a theory that values individual liberty, free markets, and minimal government interference in the economy. This ideology holds that the elimination of governmental interference in economic and social activities, as well as the deregulation of labour and financial markets, have released capitalism's great potential to usher in a new age of social well-being for the world's population. Neoliberalism has had a considerable influence on Canadian universities, notably their reliance on overseas students to compensate for a shortage in public support for postsecondary education. Since the 1980s, neoliberal policies in Canada have

resulted in a decline in government financing for universities and a greater focus on market- driven approaches to schooling. As a result of these measures, Canadian universities have become more reliant on students from abroad for funding. This is due to the fact that international students pay substantially higher tuition fees than domestic students, making them an enticing source of income for universities. In fact, overseas students have become such an essential source of money for Canadian educational institutions that they now make up a significant portion of overall enrolment at several institutions. Furthermore, markets, in the view of neoliberalism, are the most efficient manner of distributing resources. As a result, universities are expected to compete for students and funds, leading to the marketization of education. Universities are viewed as enterprises that must earn income under this market-oriented approach to education. Moreover, education has been commodified as a result of neoliberalism, with education being seen as a commodity that can be purchased and sold. This has resulted in a concentration on education's market value rather than its fundamental significance for personal and societal development. The dependence on international learners has also had an influence on their own experiences. Language obstacles, cultural differences, and social isolation are common issues for international students. The monetization of education may worsen these issues by prioritizing income production over the well-being and assistance of students from other countries. Finally, neoliberalism has had a significant influence on Canadian institutions, notably their reliance on overseas students to make up for public funding deficiencies. The market-driven approach to education has resulted in the commercialization of education, with universities perceived as businesses that generate profits. Education is viewed as a commodity that can be bought and sold, with an emphasis on its financial worth rather than its intrinsic importance for

personal and societal growth. While relying on overseas students generates revenue for universities, it also presents particular obstacles for these students. As a result, the commercialization of education and reliance on international students raise serious concerns about Canadian universities' goals and the influence of neoliberal policies on the education system. 4. Explain, in a maximum of 500 words, why the Crown is at War with the Mi’kmaq. This question is about the film “Is the Crown at War with Us?” (5 marks) The struggle between the Crown and the Mi'kmaq people of Eastern Canada is analyzed in the film “Is the Crown at War with Us?”. The issue revolves around the Mi'kmaq exercising their treaty rights to fish and hunt in their homelands, which the Canadian government has addressed with violence, harassment, and criminalization. The origins of this battle may be traced back to early treaties signed by the Mi'kmaq and the British Crown. In exchange for their cooperation with the Crown during times of war, these treaties gave the Mi'kmaq the power to hunt, fish, and gather in their native regions. However, the Crown failed to respect these treaty rights throughout time, instead actively working to destroy them by implementing colonial laws and policies that limited the Mi'kmaq's access to traditional sources of food. When the Mi'kmaq began to exercise their treaty rights to fish for lobster outside of the federally controlled season, they were met with violent opposition by non-Indigenous fishers. The Crown's response was to bring in the RCMP to enforce federal fishing restrictions, but this did nothing to prevent the Mi'kmaq from being subjected to violence and intimidation. The Crown has continuously refused to recognize the Mi'kmaq's authority over their traditional territory, instead imposing its own rule. As a result, the Mi'kmaq continue to claim their sovereignty and oppose the Crown's authority,

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resulting in continual conflict and tension. The Crown's treatment of the Mi'kmaq has had profound consequences, hurting not only their livelihoods but also their social, cultural, and economic well-being. The inability to maintain treaty rights has harmed the Mi'kmaq's faith in the Crown, leading to strong emotions of hatred and betrayal. In addition, the Mi'kmaq have long advocated for their right to self-government and sovereignty over their lands and resources. The Crown's disrespect for the Mi'kmaq's treaty rights reflects the country's long history of colonial oppression of Indigenous cultures. The prolonged struggle has also highlighted discrimination and bias against Indigenous peoples. Non-Indigenous fishermen' violent and angry reactions to Mi'kmaq exercising their treaty rights reflect the deeply constructed discrimination that still exists in Canadian culture. The government's reaction to the dispute has also been attacked for being biased in favour of non-Indigenous interests, further marginalizing and dismissing Mi'kmaq rights and viewpoints. Overall, the Crown and Mi'kmaq dispute is complicated and varied, with deep-rooted historical and contemporary difficulties that must be resolved. The battle emphasizes Canada’s continued struggle for Indigenous rights and self-determination, as well as the critical need for reconciliation and decolonization. Addressing these concerns and maintaining Indigenous treaty rights is critical for Canada's development of a just and equitable society. 5. Ensure that the reference list below follows APA Style Guide. For this exercise, you don’t need

to include the DOI for journal articles. (10 marks) References Allan, K., & McElhinny, B. (2017). Neoliberalism, language, and migration. In The Routledge handbook of migration and language (pp. 79-101). Routledge. Bilge, S. (2013). Reading the racial subtext of the Québécois accommodation controversy: An analytics of racialized governmentality. Politikon , 40 (1), 157-181. Canagarajah, S. (Ed.). (2017). The Routledge handbook of migration and language . Taylor & Francis. Fincher, R., Iveson, K., Leitner, H., & Preston, V. (2014). Planning in the multicultural city: Celebrating diversity or reinforcing difference?. Progress in Planning , 92 , 1-55. Gupta, T. D., & Nagpal, S. (2022). Unravelling Discourses on COVID-19, South Asians and Punjabi Canadians. Studies in Social Justice , 16 (1), 103-122. Haque, E. (2012). Multiculturalism within a bilingual framework: Language, race, and belonging in Canada . University of Toronto Press. Haque, E., & Patrick, D. (2015). Indigenous languages and the racial hierarchisation of language

policy in Canada. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 36 (1), 27-41. McElhinny, B. (2016). Reparations and racism, discourse and diversity: Neoliberal multiculturalism and the Canadian age of apologies. Language & Communication , 51 , 50- 68. Walia, H. (2010). Transient servitude: Migrant labour in Canada and the apartheid of citizenship. Race & Class , 52 (1), 71-84. Zine, J. (2022). Under Siege: Islamophobia and the 9/11 generation . McGill-Queen's Press- MQUP.

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