ATH 101 Final project part B

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Jan 9, 2024

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Final Project 1 ATH 101 – Introduction to Anthropology 7-2 Final Project Part B I. Cultural Diversity A.1. When individuals think of armed soldiers, factory workers, and shipyard operators. We initially think of males, however, if we investigate the history of this, we can go back to World War II, this is where Rosie the Riveter was formed. This iconic female details the impact

Final Project 2 that women have had on strengthening the labor markets. Thus, detailing the need for diversity within the workforce. According to a study completed by Mitra Toossi “The share of women in the labor force grew from 30 percent in 1950 to almost 47 percent in 2000, and the number of working women is projected to reach 92 million by 2050” (2002). This details the need for diversity, to remain globally competitive a stable workforce is required. This means that assistance will be required from all races and genders. (History, 2023). A.2. In societies worldwide men are assumed to be tough individuals lacking love, empathy, and compassion. These things are associated with women, in America to be “red- blooded American man” we men are only allowed to reach for lust, anger, and happiness. Associating men with other emotions will broaden the spectrum of the image of men and allow men to be more inclusive within various aspects of society. (Williams, J. 2023). A.3. When individuals think of dogs, they initially think of a companion, servant, and loyalist. However, dogs can assist with the current mental health crisis. Psychiatric Service training enhances the ideologies of a dog. Training can turn the dog into a leader, assisting an individual with daily tasks that may be incompletable due to mental health issues. (Ruegg, E. 2023). B.1. Utilizing an anthropologic perspective during a crisis such as the effects of black lung, can invite a different aspect of science into the medical field for treatments. In the episode, Coal’s Deadly Dust individuals working in the coal industry were getting black lung at an alarming rate. According to Darryl Stellmach “Social scientists, anthropologists in particular, have been recognized as important players in disease outbreak response because of their ability to assess social, economic, and political factors in local contexts.” (2016). Understanding all

Final Project 3 factors and how they relate to a crisis such as this enables scientists to seek equitable opportunities to reduce risk for individuals. II. Anthropological Methods A.1. By utilizing a combination of biometric and ethnographic field studies. I was able to understand how cultural traits play a significant role in the health of individuals. Through historical research and modern studies regarding current survivors. The effects of breathing heavy amounts of silica dust were identified and determined to be a potential root cause for the new spike in black lung cases. An article written by Robert Benincasa titled Researchers say they linked silica dust directly to severe black lung disease. Dr. Robert Cohen details how the link between silica dust and black lung is considered “… the smoking gun” (2022). This statement details the belief that direction can be pushed from a political standpoint to achieve a new direction for the miners affected. B.1. At the individual level we were able to meet with patients, and their doctors to understand the effects silica dust has had on their people. When connecting the dots and detailing a drastically shortened lifespan the individuals would begin to become upset with the idea of losing their families early. We were able to interview these individuals due to the lack of support at an organizational level. The coal mine owners were not willing to recognize wrongdoings. These individuals wanted to allow the opportunity for outside exposure to pressure positive changes for the industry. At the manufacturing level of investigation, the willingness to work with the team was halted. Questions about why changes were not made to prevent employee health issues went unanswered. The statement that not enough research has been conducted was continuously used to pass blame. (Berkes, H. 2021).

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Final Project 4 B.2. An objective lens is vital when studying a group of individuals to ensure their personal beliefs are respected. It will assist an individual with the ability to develop new outside thoughts and bring forth new insights. Utilizing an objective lens will allow a researcher to truly find the root cause of an issue, a biased perspective will steer an individual in a specific direction. A group of people utilizing an objective lens will invite more openness, allowing individuals to find the facts hidden within research. (P.C. World, 2021). III. Cultural Connections A.1. This crisis is happening to us here and now. One of the main drivers for the allowance of this is capitalism, individuals, businesses, and governments place capital over human health and safety. According to Jennifer Cohen of public health ethics, “ Capitalism incentivizes individual gain, while public health requires a slightly more complex understanding of individual and social needs over time. The profit motive undermines healthcare system capacity when, for example, ‘entrepreneurs' hoard what are effectively inputs to health and healthcare.” This statement details how health crises can and will continue to occur in our culture if financial gain is atop American priorities. A.2. Within my personal family landscape there are no specific biological factors that could not allow this crisis. High exposure rates to silica dust increase an individual's chances of developing a black lung. Unfortunately, there are no specific elements that can reduce the risk for individuals on a biological level. Treatment also has no specific biological factors that enable an individual to reduce the amount of oxygen transferred throughout the lungs. (Berkes, H. 2021). A.3. Environmental factors do drastically increase the risk of developing black lung. Depending upon what “seam” of coal a mine is running there could potentially be higher concentrates of rock that are cut into. The higher the content of rock the higher the amount of

Final Project 5 silica dust in the air. Scientists have determined that exposure to high amounts of silica dust greatly increases the development of “black lung”. (Berkes, H. 2021). IV. Predictions A.1. Yes, I believe that this issue could have been recognized earlier. Historical research details the effects of harmful dust in coal mines related to the “wildcat strike” by coal miners in the 1970s. This led to the development of NIOSH and a vast reduction in cases seen by coal miners. Changes in the manufacturing portion of mining were not studied efficiently leading to the newest spike in cases. In 2019 United Mine Workers President Cecil E. Roberts testified before Congress noting the effects of silica dust on the lungs of coal miners. Robert Benincasa reports the scientific link between silica dust and black lung disease, interviewing Mr. Roberts the statement "I testified before Congress in 2019 on this exact issue and nothing was done,"(2022). This details the evidence that an issue was brought forth and due to the lack of urgency from officials, the crisis has been allowed to continue. (Berkes, H. 2021). B.1. I believe that utilizing an anthropological perspective into the causes of the black lung would provide significant evidence as to the effects of this disease. Anthropological research would prove beneficial in several different areas for this specific topic. Some of these have historical, social, and cultural impacts on communities and the individuals working within the coal mines. An objective lens is vital when working towards preventative action plans to ensure that the culture of capitalism does not provide biases into the side of the manufacturing companies. C.1. Being an anthropologist has helped me understand the human condition through objective observation. One of the most exciting aspects of life is assisting those who are in need. In my personal life anthropology has opened my eyes to accepting the viewpoints of other

Final Project 6 cultures. This allows me to gain an insight into their way of thinking and broaden my perspectives. In my professional life, this provides me with the ability to be adaptive, which is a vital piece of working together on a team. References

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Final Project 7 A&E Television Networks. (2023). Rosie the riveter - real person, facts & Norman Rockwell . History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/rosie-the-riveter Benincasa, R. (2022, April 13). Researchers say they’ve linked silica dust directly to severe black lung disease . NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/04/13/1092690291/researchers-say-theyve- linked-silica-dust-directly-to-severe-black-lung-disease Berkes, H. (2021, April 20). Coal’s deadly dust (full documentary) | frontline . YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=650dKRmc0Nk Cohen, J. (2021). COVID-19 Capitalism: The Profit Motive versus Public Health . Academic.oup.com. https://academic.oup.com/phe/article/13/2/176/5909219 Ruegg, E. (2023). The life-changing benefits of Psychiatric Service Dogs . Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/therapeutic-paws/202305/the-life-changing- benefits-of-psychiatric-service-dogs Stellmach, D., Beshar, I., Bedford, J., Cros, P. du, & Stringer, B. (2018, March 1). Anthropology in public health emergencies: What is anthropology good for? BMJ Global Health. https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/2/e000534 Toossi, M. (2002). A century of change: The U.S. Labor Force, 1950-2050 . A century of change: the U.S. labor force, 1950–2050. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2002/05/art2full.pdf Williams, J. A. (2023). Men and empathy-are they a lost cause? Heartmanity Blog. https://blog.heartmanity.com/men-and-empathy-are-they-a-lost-cause

ATH 101 Final project part B

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