Understanding Human Skeletal Anatomy: ANT 203 Lab 7 Guide

First and last name: _____________________ ANT 203: Biological Anthropology Laboratory Exercise 7 Skeletal Anatomy /35 marks total, worth 5% This laboratory exercise is in three parts. You need to print this laboratory exercise document, bring it to your scheduled lab section, and complete the exercises and questions using the space provided during your lab period, then hand in the completed worksheet to your TA at the end of your lab period. All labs are due and should be submitted in hard copy at the end of the scheduled lab session. Late lab assignments will not be accepted, with no exceptions. Of the 12 scheduled labs, 8 lab assignments will be graded. Students will not know which labs will be graded until the end of each lab session. Purpose: The fossil record often consists predominantly of broken bones and lots of teeth. On lucky occasions paleontologists find skulls or skull parts. Skull and tooth morphology has been an important source of evidence against which the hypotheses of evolutionary relationships of vertebrates may be tested. Teeth in particular fossilize well because they are extremely hard and dense; they provide information both about evolutionary relationships and about dietary habits, particularly for the mammals. In future labs we will examine hominin fossil remains, and thus it is important to first become familiar with human skeletal anatomy so that we can properly identify cranial and postcranial remains. The purpose of Parts 1-3 of this lab is to familiarize you with the human skeleton, and to understand skeletal anatomy that is unique to hominins. In Part 1 we’ll learn some basic anatomical terms , then we will focus on cranial (skull) anatomy in Part 2, and in Part 3 we will focus on postcranial (from the neck down) anatomy. Station 1: Basic skeletal terms, /8 marks Review these anatomical terms while referring to the skeleton and human photographs below and answering the questions on the next page. axial skeleton : the skull, backbone, and ribcage appendicular skeleton : skeletal elements dealing with limbs: arms, legs, shoulder blades (scapula), and pelvis articulate/articulation / joint ; the place where two bones are joined prognathism : the amount to which the face of an animal “sticks out” proximal : the end of the bone which articulates close to the body; closest to the trunk of body distal : the end of the bone which is away from the body; farthest from trunk of body medial : toward the midline of the body lateral : away from the midline of the body anterior : toward the front posterior : toward the back ventral : the stomach side of the body dorsal : the back side of the body superior : toward the top of the body inferior : toward the bottom of the body

Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 2 1. Is the thigh proximal or distal to the ankle? /1 mark 2. Is the spine medial or lateral to the shoulder blade? /1 mark 3. The wrist is __________________ to the shoulder. /1 mark 4. The abdomen is __________________to the back. /1 mark 5. The eyes are __________________to the nose. /1 mark 6. The knee cap is __________________to the thigh. /1 mark

Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 3 7. The clavicle is __________________and __________________to the sternum (i.e., breast bone). /2 marks Station 2: Cranial Anatomy, /15 marks The skull consists of the neurocranium (which contains the brain), the face , and the mandible (jaw). Practice locating the following bones with reference to both the cranium specimens and the photographs provided of the human skull, then refer to both the human and chimpanzee skulls to answer the questions below. /12 marks mandible – the lower jaw nasals – make up the roof (top) of the nose maxilla – the bones holding the upper frontals – forehead area; just above the orbits dentition (teeth) zygomatics – cheek bones parietals – behind the frontals, on top (large) temporals – side of skull - has the ear occipital – back & bottom of the skull opening

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Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 4 Additionally, locate these features on the skull. 1) foramen magnum – opening through which the spinal cord meets the brain, located inferiorly. 2) occipital condyle – points where the neck vertebrae articulate with the skull (on either side of the foramen magnum). 3) orbit – the eye socket 4) zygomatic arch – a bony arch between the orbit and the ear region. Dentition: As mammals, humans have heterodont dentition (different types of teeth), which includes incisors, canines, premolars, and molars . When we look at one side of a dental arcade (a row of teeth), we can count the number of these types of teeth to get a dental formula. An example of a dental formula is 3-1-4-3 for primitive mammals. Specimen 1: Human Specimen 2: Chimpanzee Proganthism refers to how far the jaw protrudes forward. More prognathic or less prognathic? Larger or smaller canines? Larger or smaller brain? Larger or smaller crests on braincase? What is the dental formula? Shape of dental arcade in the mandible: longer and narrower or more u-shaped jaw? 8. In which bone do you find the foramen magnum? /1 mark

Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 5 9. Name all of the bones that form the edges of the orbits. /1 mark 10. To which bones do you think the chewing muscles attach? Hint: clench your jaw and feel the side of your own head. /1 mark Station 3: Postcranial Anatomy, /12 marks Here is a diagram of the human skeleton with the main bones labeled. You can use this image and the articulated human skeleton as references as you work through the rest of this exercise.

Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 6 The skeleton is composed of two main divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton . The elements of the axial skeleton include: 1. The cranium and mandible 2. The vertebral column, which consists of cervical , thoracic , lumbar , and sacral parts. - cervical – uppermost vertebrae, small/thin; there are 7 in almost all mammals - thoracic – attach to ribs, primates have between 9 – 13, there are 12 in humans, responsible for rotational movement of trunk - lumbar vertebrae – lowest vertebrae; 5 in humans; most of flexion and extension of back occurs here -sacrum – a single bone comprised of 3-5 fused vertebra located below the lumbar vertebrae. - The pelvis – or hipbone – is attached to the sacrum on both sides. - coccyx - the last region of the spine are few tiny bones fused together (in humans). In other primates, this is the tail, or caudal, region which consists of many bones. 3. The ribs (12 in humans) and sternum (breast bone) Examine each of these bones. Then practice identifying each one on the human skeleton. Cervical vertebra Thoracic vertebra Lumbar vertebra 11. How can you distinguish the 3 main types of vertebrae? i.e. describe each one. /3 marks Cervical: Thoracic: Lumbar:

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Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 7 Human rib cage The bone shaded in grey/green is the sacrum (ignore the labels) 12. To which vertebrae do the ribs articulate (i.e. meet)? You can refer to the skeleton as well as the written information to determine if the ribs articulate with the cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, or lumbar vertebrae. /1 mark 13. Count the ribs on the skeleton from top to bottom. How many pairs of ribs are not directly attached to the sternum? /1 mark 14. Which bone do the sides of the sacrum articulate with? / 1 mark The appendicular skeleton is composed of the pelvic and pectoral (or shoulder) girdles and the limbs. The elements of the appendicular skeleton include, in the upper limb: Forelimb: The pectoral (shoulder) girdle which consists of the clavicle (anteriorly) and scapula (posteriorly) - The clavicle is the collar bone. - The scapula is the shoulder blade. It articulates (meets) with the single bone of the upper arm – the humerus – by a mobile ball and socket joint which allows for motion in all directions.

Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 8 - In the limb itself: 1. Humerus – upper arm bone 2. The radius and ulna – forearm bones; with your palm facing up, the radius is lateral (the thumb side) and the ulna is medial (the pinky side). Feel these bones on your own arm. 3. The carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges – wrist, hand, and fingers -Carpals: the wrist bones, consists of 8 or 9 separate bones -Metacarpals: 5 rodlike bones which form skeleton of palm - Phalanges: “finger bones” -- articulate with each of the metacarpals – there are 3 phalanges for each finger, except the thumb which only has 2. Humerus Ulna & Radius Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges 15. To what bone does the clavicle attach medially? /1 mark 16. Which two bones are part of the forearm (i.e. lower arm)? /1 mark

Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 9 17. Which two bones form the shoulder joint? /1 mark Hindlimb: The pelvis – innominate bones + sacrum; note the acetabulum or hip socket in the lateral side of the pelvis. -innominate comprised of 3 fused bones -ilium : largest bone, covered by hip muscles responsible for moving the hip joint; looks like a wide blade -ischium : posterior to ilium – the bone you sit on -pubis : lies anterior to other 2 bones; where each half joins at the middle In the limb itself: Femur – single bone of thigh; round head that articulates with the pelvis, and distal condyles which articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint Patella: knee cap; attached to muscles of the knee. So, knee is composed of articulation between the femur and tibia and patella Tibia: large and involved in knee joint; distally it forms the main articulation with ankle Fibula: slender; articulates with tibia above and below. Tarsals: ankle bones -the calcaneus (largest tarsal bone) forms the heel -the talus articulates with the tibia Metatarsals: like hand, 5 rodlike bones that make up skeleton of foot Phalanges – 3 for each toe, except big toe.

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Name ___________________, ANT 203, Lab 7, page 10 18. Which bone articulates with the pelvis to make the hip joint? /1 mark 19. What is the common name for the kneecap? /1 mark 20. If you feel both sides of your own ankle, you will detect two large bumps. Which bone(s) form these two bumps? Which is lateral and which is medial? /1 mark

ANT 203 Lab 7

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